Page 21 - English for Constitutional Law

related to the norms of state administration, state institutions, and the relationship between
the state and citizens. Democracy also allows academic freedom and autonomy to examine
various theories that give rise to choices of state administration systems and structures to
accommodate these various demands.

The demand for a change in the representation system was followed by the emergence
of debates about the general election system (for example, between districts or proportional,
between open and closed list systems) and parliamentary structure (for example, the issue of
parliamentary chambers and the existence of the Regional Representatives Council). The
demand for a more equitable relationship between the centre and the regions is followed by
theoretical studies on the form of the state and models for implementing regional autonomy.

These demands cover many aspects. According to the positive constitutional law at
that time, the existing regulatory and institutional framework was no longer for developing
people's aspirations and life. On the other hand, various theoretical studies have emerged and
provided new alternative regulatory and institutional frameworks. As a result, positive
constitutional law experienced "desacralisation.” Matters that previously could not be
questioned were sued. The position of the People's Consultative Assembly as the highest state
institution was challenged. This is also the case with the President's power which is seen as
too large because it holds government power and the power to form laws. Various demands
for change culminated in demands for changes to the 1945 constitution, which had long been
sacred.

The Definition of Constitutional Law

Constitutional law is the study of the principles and rules that govern the structure and
functions of government. It is a fascinating discipline that explores how government operates,
the limits of state power, and the rights and freedoms of citizens. Constitutional law is a
fundamental part of any legal education, providing a framework for understanding the legal
system and how it shapes society.

One of the key areas of constitutional law is the study of the Constitution itself. The
Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and it sets out the fundamental principles of
governance, including the separation of powers, the rights and freedoms of citizens, and the
limits of state power. Understanding the Constitution is essential for any student of
constitutional law, as it provides a foundation for understanding how the legal system
operates and how it protects the rights of individuals.

Scope of Constitutional Law

Issues/problems discussed by Constitutional Law.

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1 The general structure of the state as an organization is as follows:
a. Form of State (unity or federation)
b. Form of government (kingdom or republic)
c. System of government (presidential, parliamentary, absolute monarchy)
d. Style of government (practical dictator, nationalist, liberal, democracy)

1 3