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Substitution SUBSTITUTING WITH “DO”

Verbs and their complements can also be used with substitute
words to avoid repetition. “Do” and “did” are often used
As well as ellipsis (leaving words out), repetition can be See also: to replace present and past simple tense verbs, for example. Different forms of
“do” replace “think.”
avoided by replacing some phrases with shorter ones. Countable and uncountable nouns 70
This is called substitution. The past simple 7

SUBSTITUTING WITH “ONE / ONES” AND “SOME”
“One” and “ones” can be used to replace singular and plural countable nouns.
“Ones” can only be used to refer to a specific group of things. “Some” is used “Do” prevents
when the group is not defined, and to replace uncountable nouns. repetition of
‘call a plumber”
SINGLE COUNTABLE NOUNS PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS

FURTHER EXAMPLES

“One” replaces “Ones” can only be used if SUBSTITUTING WITH “SO” AND “NOT”
“a copy of the book.” modified to define the specific
things that are meant. In positive clauses after
verbs of thinking, “so”
can be used to avoid
FURTHER EXAMPLES repetition. “Not” or
“not… so” are used in
negative sentences.

“A few” can be used instead of “some.”

FURTHER EXAMPLES SUBSTITUTING NEGATIVES WITH “NOT… SO” AND “NOT”

“Not… so” is used with “think,”
“believe,” “expect,” and “imagine.”

“Not” or “not… so” are used with
“appear,” “seem,” and “suppose.” “Not” is used with with “hope,” “assume,”
and “be afraid” (when “afraid” means “sorry”).

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