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Figure 11: Squamous epithelial cells
3) Crystals
Calcium oxalate crystals
• Calcium Oxalate crystals typically are seen as colorless squares.
• The crystals vary in size from quite large to very small.
• Ethylene glycol intoxication are causes for urinary calcium oxalate formation.
Figure 12: calcium oxalate crystals
Phosphate crystals
• Phosphate (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate) crystals usually appear as colorless, prism-
like "coffin lids".
• Urinary tract infection with urease producing bacteria can promote crystalluria by raising
urine pH and increasing free ammonia.
