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• The signature is created by encrypting a
digest (hash value) of the message with
the private key.
• Benefits: non-repudiation of origin &
sender. It can also use with a signed
receipt of the original hash for non-
repudiation of receipt & delivery. It also
provides integrity because of hashing.
• Types
• RSA
• El Gamal
• Fiat-Shamir
• Schnorr
• Nyberg-Rueppel
• Digital Signature Standard (DSS)
▪ SHA-1
▪ Digital Signature Algorithm
(DSA)
Certification
• X.509 standard.
• Certificate authority: manages certificate
lifecycle; a trusted third party.
• CRL: certificate revocation list.
• Internal certificates (i.e., in-house
certificates) are typically issued by
human resources or by that personnel
responsible for issuing building badges.
• The certificate includes version, serial
number, algorithm types, issuer, valid
dates, name of the owner, public key,