Page 151 - A Handbook for Academia, Industry and Policymakers: Reinforcing the Innovation-Employability Nexus in the Mediterranean

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Glossary Experiential learning an existing good, the introduction of new methods of
production (process innovation), the creation of a new
Experiential learning is learning by doing and can be
undertaken through internship, field study, practicum, market, the conquest of a new supply source and the
work placement, cooperative learning, apprenticeship, creation of a new type of organisation (i.e. administrative
Alumni origin, cultural, political or religious affiliation, physical research, fellowship, clinical experience, simulations, innovation). Innovations thus include a level of newness.
Graduates of a particular university. or mental condition and health’, and across all of these, service learning, study abroad, and volunteering. Yet, innovation is not synonymous with invention
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socio-economic status . as innovation includes both aspects of creation or
Career Services discovery and diffusion . Pragmatic definitions define
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Career services offer support to students (and in Employability Faculty innovation as a successful implementation of creative
some cases alumni) studying at that university. This The International Labour Organization defines Academic staff including professors, both full-time and ideas or ‘as a process that provides added value and a
includes help with exploring career ideas, jobs search, employability as related to portable competencies and adjunct. degree of novelty to the organisation and its suppliers
developing CVs, giving interviews, networking, further qualifications that enhance an individual’s capacity to and customers through the development of new
study and help with finding work after graduation. when make use of the education and training opportunities procedures, solutions, products and services as well
you graduate. It may also include help with finding a available in order to secure and retain decent work, to Fourth or 4th Industrial Revolution as new methods of commercialisation’ . It is safe to
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part-time or summer job whilst you are studying. A progress within the enterprise and between jobs, and The Fourth Industrial Revolution represents a say that an innovation’s starting point normally is an
student resource department that helps students and to cope with changing technology and labour market fundamental change in the way we live, work and invention followed by exploitation. However, without
alumni job-search, develop resumes, give interviews conditions . relate to one another. It is a new chapter in human successful commercialisation, the invention cannot
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and network. development, enabled by extraordinary technology become an innovation. It is estimated that more than
Entrepreneurship advances commensurate with those of the first, 60% of economic growth derives from technological
Closed innovation Entrepreneurship is the creation or extraction of second and third industrial revolutions. It refers to progress, which has led to technology advances being
Closed innovation relies on the idea that internal value 135,136 . With this definition, entrepreneurship is the convergence of digital, biological, and physical closely identified with innovations .
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expertise (ideas), along with an iterative process for viewed as change, which may include other values than innovations that will result in disruptive changes. These
managing that expertise, can sustainably produce economic ones. More narrow definitions have described disruptions can be positive, leading to an empowering,
new business. Closed innovation companies operate entrepreneurship as the process of designing, launching collaborative and sustainable social and economic Institutional Ambidexterity
under a self-contained innovative environment, that is, and running a new business, which is often initially a environment if the underlying changes that cause While the aspirations of university-industry
information is kept within the confines of the company small business, or as the capacity and willingness to them are based on shared values of the common good, partnerships can be easily described, it is often
and is not shared with external parties. develop, organise and manage a business venture along human dignity, and intergenerational stewardship . challenging to establish and run these partnerships
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with any of its risks to make a profit. People who create effectively, even when the resources are available.
Collaborative doctoral training these businesses are often referred to as entrepreneurs. The challenge is amplified in an ecosystem where the
Collaborative doctoral training is a generic term to While definitions of entrepreneurship typically focus Gender Gap various stakeholders operate with their own ambitions
cover doctoral degrees that involve research projects in on the launching and running of businesses, due to Rising educational attainment, yet low labour force and logics. These need to be properly aligned to achieve
collaboration or partnership with non-higher education the high risks involved in launching a start-up, a high participation impact and avoid frustration that derive from marked
organisations or industry. These occur across all percentage of start-up businesses do not survive in the Despite the reversal of the gender gap in education, differences in culture and governance . Whereas
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disciplines. long term. A somewhat broader definition of the term is labour force participation rates for women in the MENA academic culture is characterised by a high degree
sometimes used, especially in the field of economics. In region have remained very low, a phenomenon that has of distributed autonomy and governance, corporate
Credentialism this usage, an entrepreneur is an entity which has the come to be known as the ‘MENA paradox’. Participation culture tends to emphasise central decision making
Overemphasis on diplomas or degrees in giving jobs or ability to find and act upon opportunities to translate in the labour force among well educated women in North and strategic alignment . But even if the cultural
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conferring social status. inventions or technologies into products and services. Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean is constrained by divide between academia and industry runs deep, it
adverse structural developments on the demand side can be overcome through strong leadership, incentives,
Decoupling strategies Erasmus+ such as lack of support for family leave and childcare structures, and boundary spanners that can operate in
A decoupling strategy is a coping mechanism that The European Union's Erasmus+ programme is a by employers . Reduced public sector employment both ‘worlds’ (institutional ambidexterity), focusing on
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happens when organisations decide to implement a funding scheme to support activities in the fields of opportunities has not been counterbalanced by an the possible benefits of operating across coexisting and
programme without implementing expected practices Education, Training, Youth and Sport. The Programme increase in jobs in the formal private sector, leading contradictory logics .
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that would go along with it. Decoupling is a way of is mainly made up of three so-called ‘Key Actions’ (KA): to a decrease in overall participation, and in particular,
reconciling conflicting institutional demands, or ‘avoiding’ (1) Learning Mobility of Individuals, (2) Cooperation women’s participation in the work force.
conforming to institutional pressures by covering up for Innovation and Good Practice, and (3) Support to Institutional logics
‘nonconformity behind a façade of acquiescence’ . Policy Reforms. In terms of organisational capacity Institutional logics are systems of cultural elements
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The concept explains how organisations deal with development, the actions under KA2 make it possible Gross Domestic Product (values, beliefs, and normative expectations) by which
conflicting demands, especially when they are imposed for organisations from different participating countries Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the monetary value of people, groups, and organisations make sense of and
by constituents that control critical material or symbolic to work together, to develop, share and transfer best all finished goods and services made within a country evaluate their everyday activities, and organise those
resources. Decoupling might not always be deliberate practices and innovative approaches in the fields of during a specific period. GDP provides an economic activities in time and space .
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or strategic . Researchers have demonstrated that education, training and youth. Three theme areas are of snapshot of a country, used to estimate the size of an
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it can be non-intentional, can serve as a well-meant particular interest: economy and growth rate. GDP can be calculated in
buffering mechanism, and can be motivated by one’s (a) Sector Skills Alliances ensuring cooperation three ways, using expenditures, production, or incomes. Internationally mobile student
ideology or profession 131–134 . between education and employment in tackling skills UNESCO defines an internationally mobile student as an
gaps with regard to one or more occupational profiles individual who has physically crossed an international
Diversity in a specific sector Innovation border between two countries with the objective to
Diversity refers to ‘individual or group-social (b) Knowledge Alliances supporting cooperation One of the most referenced definitions of innovation participate in educational activities in a destination
differences among persons such as gender and gender between higher education institutions and enterprises goes back to Joseph Schumpeter which includes the country, where the destination country is different from
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identity, age, sexual orientation and identity, ethnic (c) Capacity Building in the field of higher education introduction of a good or a significant improvement of his or her country of origin .
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supporting cooperation with partner countries