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After Planck, this theory was further expanded by scientists such as Al bert
Eins te in, Ni els Bohr, Lou is de Brog li e, Er win Schrödin ger, Wer ner Hei sen berg,
Pa ul Ad ri an Ma uri ce Di rac and Wolf gang Pau li. Each was awarded the Nobel
Prize for his discoveries.
About this new discovery regarding the nature of light, Amit Goswami
says this:
When light is seen as a wave, it seems capable of being in two (or more) places at the
same time, as when it passes through the slits of an umbrella and produces a dif-
fraction pattern; when we catch it on a photographic film, however, it shows up dis-
cretely, spot by spot, like a beam of particles. So light must be both a wave and a par-
Max Planck
ticle. Paradoxical, isn’t it? At stake is one of the bulwarks of the old physics: unam-
biguous description in language. Also at stake is the idea of objectivity: Does the nature of light—what light
is—depend on how we observe it? 9
Scientists now no longer believed that matter consists of inanimate, random particles. Quantum
physics had no materialist significance, because there were non-material things at the essence of matter.
While Einstein, Philipp Lenard and Arthur Holly Compton investigated the particle structure of light,
Louis de Broglie began looking at its wave structure.
De Broglie’s discovery was an extraordinary one: In his research, he observed that sub-atomic par-
ticles also displayed wave-like properties. Particles such as the electron and proton also had wave-
lengths. In other words, inside the atom—which materialism described as absolute matter—there were
non-material energy waves, contrary to materialist belief. Just like light, these minute particles inside the
atom behaved like waves at times, and exhibited the properties of particles at others. Contrary to mate-
rialist expectations, the “absolute matter” in the atom could be detected at certain times, but disap-
peared at others.
This major discovery showed that what we imagine to be the real world were in fact shadows. Matter
had completely departed from the realm of physics and was headed in the direction of metaphysics. 10
The physicist Richard Feynman described this interesting fact about sub-atomic particles and light:
Now we know how the electrons and light behave. But what can I call it? If I say they behave like particles I
give the wrong impression; also if I say they behave like waves. They behave in their own inimitable way,
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