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98 PARADISE
never been proved that there is an evolutionary relation be-
tween these different classes. Ernst Mayr, one of the twenti-
eth century's most important evolutionists, contends in his
book One Long Argument that "particularly historical [puz-
zles] such as the origin of life or of Homo sapiens, are ex-
tremely difficult and may even resist a final, satisfying
explanation." 17
By outlining the link chain as Australopithecus > Homo ha-
bilis > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens, evolutionists imply
that each of these species is one another's ancestor.
However, recent findings of paleoanthropologists have re-
vealed that Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erec-
tus lived at different parts of the world at the same time. 18
Moreover, a certain segment of humans classified as Homo
erectus have lived up until very modern times. Homo sapiens
neandarthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man)
co-existed in the same region. 19
This situation apparently indicates the invalidity of the claim
that they are ancestors of one another. A paleontologist from
Harvard University, Stephen Jay Gould, explains this deadlock
of the theory of evolution, although he is an evolutionist him-
self:
What has become of our ladder if there are three coex-
isting lineages of hominids (A. africanus, the robust aus-
tralopithecines, and H. habilis), none clearly derived from
another? Moreover, none of the three display any evolu-
tionary trends during their tenure on earth. 20
Put briefly, the scenario of human evolution, which is "up-