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98                          PARADISE

            never been proved that there is an evolutionary relation be-
            tween these different classes. Ernst Mayr, one of the twenti-

            eth century's most important evolutionists, contends in his
            book One Long Argument that "particularly historical [puz-
            zles] such as the origin of life or of Homo sapiens, are ex-
            tremely difficult and may even resist a final, satisfying
            explanation." 17
               By outlining the link chain as Australopithecus > Homo ha-
            bilis > Homo erectus > Homo sapiens, evolutionists imply
            that each of these species is one another's ancestor.
            However, recent findings of paleoanthropologists have re-
            vealed that Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Homo erec-
            tus lived at different parts of the world at the same time. 18
               Moreover, a certain segment of humans classified as Homo
            erectus have lived up until very modern times. Homo sapiens
            neandarthalensis and Homo sapiens sapiens (modern man)
            co-existed in the same region. 19
               This situation apparently indicates the invalidity of the claim
            that they are ancestors of one another. A paleontologist from
            Harvard University, Stephen Jay Gould, explains this deadlock
            of the theory of evolution, although he is an evolutionist him-
            self:

                What has become of our ladder if there are three coex-
                isting lineages of hominids (A. africanus, the robust aus-
                tralopithecines, and H. habilis), none clearly derived from
                another? Moreover, none of the three display any evolu-
                tionary trends during their tenure on earth. 20
               Put briefly, the scenario of human evolution, which is "up-
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