Page 236 - Darwinism Refuted

DARWINISM REFUTED

evolutionary biologist Gavin de Beer. In his book Homology: An Unsolved
Problem, published in 1971, de Beer put forward a very wide-ranging
analysis of this subject. He sums up why homology is a problem for the
theory of evolution as follows:
What mechanism can it be that results in the production of homologous
organs, the same 'patterns', in spite of their not being controlled by the same
genes? I asked this question in 1938, and it has not been answered. 279

Although some 30 years have passed since de Beer wrote those
words, they have still received no answer.
A third proof which undermines the homology claim is the question
of embryological development, which we mentioned at the start. In order
for the evolutionary thesis regarding homology to be taken seriously, the
periods of similar structures' embryological development—in other
words, the stages of development in the egg or the mother's womb—
would need to be parallel, whereas, in reality, these embryological periods
for similar structures are quite different from each other in every living
creature. Pere Alberch, an eminent developmental biologist, noted, it is
"the rule rather than the exception" that "homologous structures form
from distinctly dissimilar initial states." 280
The emergence of similar structures as the result of totally dissimilar
processes is frequently seen in the latter stages of the development phase.
As we know, many species of animal go through a stage known as
"indirect development" (in other words the larva stage), on their way to
adulthood. For instance, most frogs begin life as swimming tadpoles and
turn into four-legged animals at the last stage of metamorphosis. But
alongside this there are several species of frog which skip the larva stage
and develop directly. But the adults of most of these species that develop
directly are practically indistinguishable from those species which pass
through the tadpole stage. The same phenomenon is to be seen in water
chestnuts and some other similar species. 281
To conclude, we can say that genetic and embryological research has
proven that the concept of homology defined by Darwin as "evidence of
the evolution of living things from a common ancestor" can by no means
be regarded as any evidence at all. The inconsistency of homology, which
looks quite convincing on the surface, is clearly revealed when examined
more closely.

234