Page 193 - The Cambrian Evidence that Darwin Failed to Comprehend

HARUN YAHYA

plans that emerged in the Cambrian explosion requires a separate
explanation, but neo-Darwinists have no scientific explanation for
any of them.
Stephen C. Meyer, who earned his Ph.D. in the History and
Philosophy of Science from Cambridge University, sets out the emp-
tiness and failure of neo-Darwinist claims:
In the second scenario, neo-Darwinists envisioned novel genes and
proteins arising by numerous successive mutations in the preexisting
genetic text that codes for proteins. To adapt Dawkins’s metaphor, this
scenario envisions gradually climbing down one functional peak and
then ascending another. Yet mutagenesis experiments again suggest a
difficulty. Recent experiments show that, even when exploring a re-
gion of sequence space populated by proteins of a single fold and
function, most multiple-position changes quickly lead to loss of func-
tion. Yet to turn one protein into another with a completely novel
structure and function requires specified changes at many sites.
Indeed, the number of changes necessary to produce a new protein
greatly exceeds the number of changes that will typically produce
functional losses. Given this, the probability of escaping total func-
tional loss during a random search for the changes needed to produce
a new function is extremely small—and this probability diminishes
exponentially with each additional requisite change. Thus, Axe’s re-
sults imply that, in all probability, random searches for novel proteins
(through sequence space) will result in functional loss long before any
novel functional protein will emerge. 137
Experiments performed in the early 1990s revealed that the
probability of any short protein consisting of 100 amino acids form-
65 138
ing at random is 1 in 10 . The structures that appeared in the
Cambrian require the existence of much more complex functional
proteins, resulting from the combination of a much higher number
of amino acids. Neo-Darwinists should be able to explain the forma-

Adnan Oktar

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