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way evolved structures, rather than con- since for most people the word reptile
ferring advantages to the intermediate implies a land-dwelling vertebrate, evo-
stages, would have been a great disad- lutionist publications seek to lump the
vantage. For example, evolutionists sup-
pterodactyls in with dinosaurs and write
pose that, strange as it may seem, mutati-
about “reptiles opening and closing their
ons occurred that affected only the fourth
wings.” But in fact, land reptiles and fly-
fingers a little bit at a time. Of course, ot-
ing reptiles emerged with no evolutio-
her random mutations occurring concur-
nary links between them.
rently, incredible as it may seem, were
responsible for the gradual origin of the
wing membrane, flight muscles, tendons, Fluoride testing
nerves, blood vessels, and other structu-
res necessary to form the wings. At some One method used to determine the
stage, the developing flying reptile would age of fossils is fluoride testing, first tri-
have had about 25 percent wings. This
ed on a number of ancient fossils in 1949
strange creature would never survive,
by Kenneth Oakley of the British Muse-
however. What good are 25 percent
um’s Paleontology Department. Using
wings? Obviously the creature could not
fly, and he could no longer run. 168 this technique, an experiment was per-
formed on the Piltdown Man fossil and
It is impossible to account for the
showed that the “fossil” jawbone contai-
origin of flying reptiles in terms of Dar- ned no fluoride—thus revealing that it
winist evolutionary mechanisms. Inde-
had been in the earth for no more than a
ed, the fossils make it clear that no such
few years.
evolution ever took place. All that exists
The skull, which contained a small
in the fossil record are perfect, flying
amount of fluoride, however, could have
reptiles, along with land-dwelling repti-
been only a few thousand years old.
les of the kind we are familiar with to-
Subsequent research conducted on
day.
the basis of fluoride testing revealed that
Robert L. Carroll, an evolutionist
the skull was indeed only a few thousand
himself and one of the most eminent fi-
years old. It was also determined that the
gures in the world of vertebrate paleon-
teeth in the jawbone were those of an
tology, makes this confession:
orangutan and had been artificially abra-
. . . all the Triassic pterosaurs were high- ded, and that the primitive tools found
ly specialized for flight . . . They provide near the fossil were replicas that had be-
… no evidence of earlier stages in the en created using steel tools. 170 Detai-
origin of flight. 169
led analysis by Joseph Weiner definiti-
None of the flying reptiles provides vely revealed the fossil’s fraudulent na-
any evidence for evolution. However, ture in 1953. The skull was human, but

THE EVOLUTION IMPASSE I