Page 47 - A Chain of Miracles

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weaker by even a fraction, then most, if not all of the hydrogen
from the Big Bang would have been transformed into helium.
That, in turn would have increased to abnormal levels the quan-
tity of heavier elements in the core of stars. This would have
made life impossible.
One factor that makes the weak nuclear force so critical is its
effect on the subatomic particles called neutrinos. These particles
play a vital role in the supernova explosions that blast into space

the heavier elements necessary for life. This weak nuclear force
is the only force able to act on neutrinos.
If the “weak” nuclear force were any weaker, neutrinos
could move freely without being affected by gravitational forces.
During a supernova’s explosion, consequently, they would be
able to escape without reacting with the outer spheres of the star,
thus preventing heavier elements from being ejected into space.

But had the weak nuclear forces been greater, neutrinos would
have remained trapped in the center of supernovas and again,
couldn’t have let the heavier elements be ejected into space.
Paul Davies states that the elementary laws of physics have
been optimized for human existence, and that if their quantita-
tive values had been slightly different, our universe would have
become an altogether different place. He continues:
Had nature opted for a slightly different set of numbers, the
world would be a very different place. Probably we would not be
here to see it…Recent discoveries about the primeval cosmos
oblige us to accept that the expanding universe has been set up in
its motion with a cooperation of astonishing precision. 20

Arno Penzias, who, along with Robert Wilson detected the

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