Page 2 - Microsoft Word - Cytology.docx

Cytology

Cytology: An Overview

Types of Cytology

1. Exfoliative Cytology:
o This type involves the study of cells that are shed or scraped off from tissues, often
from the surfaces of organs. The most common example is the Pap smear, which is
used to detect cervical cancer.

2. Aspiration Cytology:
o This involves the removal of cells from tissues using a fine needle, known as Fine
Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC). FNAC is widely used to diagnose lumps or
masses, such as those found in the breast, thyroid, or lymph nodes.

3. Fluid Cytology:
o This type examines cells found in body fluids, such as urine, sputum, or pleural fluid,
to detect infections, malignancies, or other conditions.

Techniques in Cytology

 Staining:
o Cells are typically stained with special dyes, like Papanicolaou stain (Pap stain) or
Giemsa stain, to enhance the visibility of cellular structures under a microscope.

 Microscopy:
o Light microscopy is the primary method used to examine stained cells. Advanced
techniques, like electron microscopy, can be used for more detailed studies.

 Image Analysis:
o Digital imaging and computer-assisted analysis are increasingly used to improve the
accuracy of cytological examinations.

٢