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Cytology

1. Definition

Cytology, also known as cell biology, is the branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and
chemistry of cells. It is the study of cells in terms of their anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry.
Cells are the basic units of life, and understanding their composition and functions helps in
understanding the biology of organisms. In a clinical context, cytology is primarily used to diagnose
diseases by examining cells under a microscope.

Example: Pap smears, a common cytological test, involve examining cells from the cervix to detect
abnormalities that may indicate cervical cancer or precancerous conditions.

2. Classification

Cytology can be classified into different types based on its purpose and methodology:

 Exfoliative Cytology: Involves the study of cells that are shed from body surfaces or
removed through scraping, brushing, or washing. This is often used in routine screenings, like
the Pap smear.

 Aspiration Cytology: Involves using a fine needle to extract cells from tissues or fluid-filled
cysts. This is often used for lumps or swellings, such as in the thyroid or breast.

 Liquid-Based Cytology: A newer method where the sample is collected in a liquid medium
rather than directly on a slide, which allows for better preservation of cells and more accurate
results.

Example: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is commonly used to diagnose thyroid nodules.

3. Role of Cytology

Cytology plays a crucial role in medical diagnostics, especially in the early detection of diseases such
as cancer. It is used to:

 Screen for diseases: Such as cervical cancer (via Pap smears).
 Diagnose conditions: By identifying cellular abnormalities.

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