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Internat. J. Sci. Eng., Vol. 5(2)2013:89-94, October 2013, Abdul Gani Haji et al.

beneficial as a source of energy but also potential to be at temperatures above 1000 C will cause damage to the
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developed with the activation method becomes activated hexagonal lattice structure of charcoal. Some oxidizing
carbon. Activated carbon is an amorphous carbon that gas which can be used for activation of charcoal in
consisting of carbon atoms in free and has an internal physics are water vapor (H2O) [1], CO2 or N2 [13], H2 [20],
surface so that it has good capability in adsorption. The Br2 [6], and CH4 [17].
charcoal surface is still covered by hydrocarbon deposits
that inhibit its activity, whereas the surface of activated Materials and Methods
carbon has been relatively free of deposits and able to
absorb because of the surface area and has an open pore Equipment and Materials
[8]. The research results of showed that the production of The main material used is pyrolisized charcoal of
charcoal from mangrove wood raw material will be solid organic waste from the city of Bogor, which consists
obtained higher yield by treatment of the sample by way of bamboo, wood, and twigs. Chemical used as an
of cut manually using a knife, compared with the ground activator such as solution of 1 M KOH, KBr, gold pellets,
using a mortar. The yield of the most highly activated 0.1 N iodine solution, 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution, 1% starch
carbon which is 77.39%, found in mangroves, coconut solution, benzene, aluminum foil and distilled were used
shell and then 72.93%, followed by Acacia mangium as characterization materials.
66.28%, 57.89% and pines. Charcoal-making process can The main equipment used to produce activated
be done in two ways, chemically and physically [15]. carbon is electric retort as shown in Figure 1. The
Chemicals that have been used to activate the component consists of:
charcoal into charcoal, such as NaOH or KOH [5], KOH 1. Retort made of stainless steel 100 cm and a diameter of
[19], H3PO4 [7], H2SO4 [10,14], HCl [21], HNO3 [4], Na2CO3 5 cm, which is wound with nickel wire as a heating
and K2CO3 [12]. The use of chemicals as an activator element;
material often resulted in discoloration of activated 2. Two thermocouples are provided for controlling the
carbon produced. activation temperature;
Physical activation of charcoal using a weak oxidizing 3. The kettle is also made of stainless steel as a supplier of
agent, such as CO2 gas, water vapor, nitrogen, and others steam activator derived from materials used;
[15]. Therefore, this process does not occur in the 4. Condenser made of glass as a coolant, and
oxidation of carbon atoms compiler charcoal, but it only 5. Pumpkin boiler made of pyrex glass to accommodate
oxidizes oxidizing components which cover the surface of the distillate.
the porous charcoal. At temperatures below 800 C, the
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activation process with steam or CO2 is very slow, while

Figure 1. Retort carbonisation
Tools that used for characterization of activated carbon Procedure for determining the quality of activated
are analytical scales, ovens, porcelain cup, desiccators, carbon based on the procedures [2] with the steps
electric furnace, the titration device, and glassware are between the activated carbon produced in each treatment
common in chemistry labs, while the main tools used on the ground by using mortar and pestle, then filtered
were FTIR spectrometer, SEM, and XRD. with activated carbon powder sized 100 mesh sieve.
Furthermore, active charcoal powder were characterized
Procedure according to the quality parameters including yield,
moisture content, ash, fly substances, fixed carbon, and
Charcoal-making procedures of the raw material of the power of sorption of iodine, and benzene. To
solid organic waste carbonisation using electric retort determine the pattern of activated carbon structure was
equipment (Figure 1) with the activator is KOH 1 M as characterized by using instrument of FTIR, SEM, and
shown in Table 1. XRD.

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