Page 47 - E-Modul Hartini

3. Once again, think about the generic structure
4. Remember the tense is mostly used

ULANGAN KENAIKAN KELAS II

A. LISTENING

Listen carefully , while listen fill in the missing words you hear !

Access to Clean Water:
A Problem for Indonesia
Access to clean water ...1... one of Indonesia's biggest problem. According to the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) Report 2007, ...2... by the National Development Planning ...3..., piped

water is accessible to 30.8 per cent of households in the country's cities and 9 per cent in its villages.
Such fi gures show the limitations of the municipality's water ...4... provider, PDAM.
Lack of investment in ...5... water is one reason PDAM gives for its limited outreach. Based on
a ...6... statement, to meet the MDGs target by 2015, Indonesia needs Rp43 trillion (US$4.6 billion) in
clean water ...7.... The government currently provides Rp500 billion.
In order to close the funding gap, the government ...8... private investment in drinking water
infrastructure.

The need for clean water funding is something that cannot be covered by private investment.
In Indonesia, most PDAM ...9... have small scales of economy and are therefore unattractive to
investors.
There is no evidence to suggest ...10,,,investors will improve the efficiency and effectiveness
of water services, ...11... the government has a duty to do so. Increasing public funding for clean
...12... infrastructure is the most rational approach for Indonesia. This effort should begin with an

analysis of the needs of locals. This should be done through a ...13...and participatory process.
There are resources and mechanisms the government ...14... employ to increase clean water
funding, ...15...as state and local budgets, grants, government bonds and community-public
partnership.
In ...16... to use a grant system, the government should improve it proposal management and
clearly ...17... on real needs in order to widen clean water services.
PDAM could use existing funds more efficiently. if it could reduce leakages from 40 per cent

to 20 per cent, ...18... would have more disposable funds to invest in infrastructure. PDAM should use
cost recovery principles, as long as costs are ...19...passed on to consumers. Cost recovery principles
should also be supported by a ...20... subsidy mechanism.