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6.3.3 Indirect Network Support ................................................................................................. 154
6.4.1 Obtaining Information with CDP ..................................................................................... 155
6.4.2 Showing CDP Neighbors ................................................................................................. 155
6.5 Routed Protocols Versus Routing Protocols ........................................................................... 156
6.5.1 Static Routing ................................................................................................................... 157
6.5.3 The Purpose of a Static Route .......................................................................................... 158
6.5.4 Static Route Operation ..................................................................................................... 159
6.5.5 Dynamic Routing Overview ............................................................................................ 159
6.5.6 Dynamic Routing Operations ........................................................................................... 160
6.6 How Distances on Network Paths Are Determined by Various Metrics ................................ 161
6.7 Identifying the Classes of Routing Protocols .......................................................................... 162
6.7.1 Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features ..................................................................... 162
6.7.2 Link-State Routing Basics ............................................................................................... 165
6.7.3 Hybrid Routing Protocol Features ................................................................................... 169
6.7.4 Distance Vector Routing Protocols .................................................................................. 169
6.8 DNS—The Internet’s Directory Service ................................................................................. 172
6.8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 173
6.8.2 Services Provided by DNS ................................................................................................. 173
6.8.3 PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE .......................................................................................... 174
6.8.4 Overview of How DNS .................................................................................................... 175
6.8.5 DNS Records and Messages .............................................................................................. 180
6.8.6 Link Virtualization: A Network as a Link Layer .................................................................. 184
6.8.7 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) .............................................................................. 185
6.8.8 Channels and Association ................................................................................................. 194
