Page 74 - Krugmans Economics for AP Text Book_Neat

Key Terms

Economics, p. 2 Microeconomics, p. 5 Inflation, p. 12
Individual choice, p. 2 Macroeconomics, p. 5 Deflation, p. 12
Economy, p. 2 Economic aggregates, p. 5 Price stability, p. 13
Market economy, p. 2 Positive economics, p. 6 Economic growth, p. 13
Command economy, p. 2 Normative economics, p. 6 Model, p. 14
Incentives, p. 2 Business cycle, p. 10 Other things equal (ceteris paribus) assumption, p. 14
Property rights, p. 3 Depression, p. 10 Trade-off, p. 16
Marginal analysis, p. 3 Recessions, p. 10 Production possibilities curve, p. 16
Resource, p. 3 Expansions, p. 10 Efficient, p. 17
Land, p. 3 Employment, p. 12 Technology, p. 21
Labor, p. 3 Unemployment, p. 12 Trade, p. 23
Capital, p. 3 Labor force, p. 12 Gains from trade, p. 23
Entrepreneurship, p. 3 Unemployment rate, p. 12 Specialization, p. 23
Scarce, p. 3 Output, p. 12 Comparative advantage, p. 26
Opportunity cost, p. 3 Aggregate output, p. 12 Absolute advantage, p. 27

Problems

1. Imagine a firm that manufactures textiles (pants and shirts). b.“We should lower taxes to encourage more work” is a posi-
List the four categories of resources, and for each category, give tive statement.
an example of a specific resource that the firm might use to c. Economics cannot always be used to determine what society
manufacture textiles. ought to do.
2. Describe some of the opportunity costs of the following choices. d.“The system of public education in this country generates
a. Attend college instead of taking a job. greater benefits to society than the cost of running the sys-
b.Watch a movie instead of studying for an exam. tem” is a normative statement.
c. Ride the bus instead of driving your car. e. All disagreements among economists are generated by the
3. Use the concept of opportunity cost to explain the following media.
situations. 6. Why do we consider a business-cycle expansion to be different
a. More people choose to get graduate degrees when the job from economic growth?
market is poor. 7. Evaluate this statement: “It is easier to build an economic
b.More people choose to do their own home repairs when the model that accurately reflects events that have already oc-
economy is slow and hourly wages are down. curred than to build an economic model to forecast future
c. There are more parks in suburban areas than in urban areas. events.” Do you think that this is true or not? Why? What
does this imply about the difficulties of building good eco-
d.Convenience stores, which have higher prices than super-
nomic models?
markets, cater to busy people.
8. Suppose Atlantis is a small, isolated island in the South At-
4. A representative of the U.S. clothing industry recently made this
lantic. The inhabitants grow potatoes and catch fish. The ac-
statement: “Workers in Asia often work in sweatshop conditions
companying table shows the maximum annual output
earning only pennies an hour. American workers are more pro-
combinations of potatoes and fish that can be produced.
ductive and, as a result, earn higher wages. In order to preserve
Obviously, given their limited resources and available tech-
the dignity of the American workplace, the government should
nology, as they use more of their resources for potato pro-
enact legislation banning imports of low-wage Asian clothing.”
duction, there are fewer resources available for catching fish.
a. Which parts of this quotation are positive statements?
Which parts are normative statements?
b.Is the policy that is being advocated consistent with the Maximum annual Quantity of potatoes Quantity of fish
statement about the wages and productivities of American output options (pounds) (pounds)
and Asian workers?
A 1,000 0
c. Would such a policy make some Americans better off with-
B 800 300
out making any other Americans worse off? That is, would
this policy be efficient from the viewpoint of all Americans? C 600 500
d.Would low-wage Asian workers benefit from or be hurt by D 400 600
such a policy? E 200 650
5. Are the following statements true or false? Explain your answers.
F 0 675
a. “When people must pay higher taxes on their wage earnings,
it reduces their incentive to work” is a positive statement.
32 section I Basic Economic Concepts