Page 10 - Understanding Psychology

Table of Contents Charts, Tables, and Graphs
TheSynapse ...............................158 ThePartsoftheBrain........................161 TheCerebralCortex.........................162 FunctionsoftheBrain’sHemispheres...........163 TheEndocrineSystem .......................172 DNAandGenes ............................175 Alzheimer’sPatientsintheU.S. ................179 Freud’sLevelsofConsciousness ...............184 PatternsofSleep ............................185 Some Psychoactive Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Percentage of 12th Graders Who Reported
Using Alcohol in the Past 12 Months,
1976–1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Fraser’s Spiral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 The Human Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 The Human Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 TheElectromagneticSpectrum ................217 Decibel Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 TheHumanEar ............................220 The Human Tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Gestalt Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Skin Sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 ClassicalConditioningExperiment .............243 Examples of Common Conditioned Responses . . . 247 Classical Conditioning vs. Operant
Conditioning ............................248 Operant Conditioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
PartialSchedulesofReinforcement.............254 LearnedHelplessness ........................261 HowSocialLearningWorks ..................264 ImprovingStudyHabits......................265 Mowrer’sExperiment........................269 TheProcessesofMemory.....................274 StagesofMemory...........................275 ThreeSystemsofMemory....................278 Memory Centers in the Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Recognition and Recall Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Using Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Directed vs. Nondirected Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Types of Heuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Connecting the Dots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Overcoming Functional Fixedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 OvercomingWrongAssumptions ..............301 AnswerstoPages298,300,and301 ............302 PhonemesandMorphemes ...................305 Parent Involvement in Language
Development ............................311
Some Biological and Social Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Percentage of Overweight Americans . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Your Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
The Range of Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Threatening Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Theories of Emotion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Fear and Relief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Changes in Heart Rate and Skin
Temperature for Six Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Judging Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Judging Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Establishing Percentiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Thurstone’s Seven Primary Mental Abilities . . . . . . 349 Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Typical Items on the Stanford-Binet Test . . . . . . . . 353 Sample Items on the Wechsler Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 DistributionofIQScores .....................355 The Dove Counterbalance Intelligence Test . . . . . . 357 The GATB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Figure 13.9 Distribution of IQ Scores
This normal curve displays intelligence as measured by IQ tests. The average IQ score is 100. What per- centage of people score at least 145 on IQ tests?
Mentally handicapped Borderline
Slow learner
Low average
High average Above average Superior Gifted
55 70 80 90 100110120130145 50%
95%
99%
x