Page 289 - ESSENTIAL LISTENING TO MUSIC

chorale theGermanwordforthehymnof the Lutheran church; hence a simple religious melody to be sung by the congregation
chord two or more simultaneously sounding pitches
chord progression a succession of chords moving forward in a purposeful fashion
chorus textual refrain that repeats
chromatic harmony constructing chords on the five additional notes within the twelve-note scale, giving more color to the harmony
chromatic scale scale that makes use of all twelve pitches, equally divided, within the octave
church cantata a multi-movement sacred work including arias, ariosos, and recitatives performed by vocal soloists, and chorus, and a small accompanying orchestra; became the musical core of the Sunday service of the Lutheran church
clarinet a single-reed instrument of the woodwind family with a large range and a wide variety of timbres within it
classical music music that has endured the test of time and requires a particular set of skills to perform or appreciate it; it relies chiefly on acoustic instruments, preset musical notation, tends to be lengthy, and involves a variety of moods
clef a sign used to indicate the register, or range of pitches, in which an instrument is to play or a singer is to sing
coda (Italianfor“tail”)afinaland concluding section of a musical composition
collegno (Italianfor“withthewood”)an instruction to string players to strike the strings of the instrument not with the horsehair of the bow, but with the wood of it
color (timbre) the character or quality of a musical tone as determined by its harmonics (overtones) and its attack and decay
comic opera a genre of opera that originated in the eighteenth century, portraying everyday characters and situations, and using spoken dialogue and simple songs
concertino the group of instruments that function as soloists in a concerto grosso
concerto an instrumental genre in which one or more soloists play with and against a larger orchestra
concerto grosso a three-movement concerto of the Baroque era that pits the sound of a small group of soloists (the concertino) against that of the full orchestra (the tutti)
conductor leader of an orchestra, chorus, or band
consequent phrase the answering, second phrase of a two-part melodic unit that brings a melody to a point of repose and closure
consonance pitches sounding agreeable and stable
contrabassoon a larger, lower-sounding version of the bassoon
cool jazz a style of jazz that emerged in the 1950s that is softer, more relaxed, and less frenzied than bebop
cornet a brass instrument that looks like a short trumpet; it has a more mellow tone than the trumpet and is most often used in military bands
Council of Trent two-decade-long (1545–1563) conference at which leading cardinals and bishops undertook reform of the Roman Catholic Church, including its music
counterpoint the harmonious opposition of two or more independent musical lines
Counter-Reformation movement that fostered reform in the Roman Catholic Church in response to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation and led to a conservative, austere approach to art
crescendo a gradual increase in the volume of sound
cross-stringing overlaying the lowest- sounding strings across those of the middle register thereby producing a richer, more homogenous sound
Cubism Early-twentieth-century artistic style in which the artist fractures and dislocates formal reality into geometrical blocks and planes
cymbals a percussion instrument of two metal discs; they are made to crash together to create emphasis and articulation in music
decrescendo (diminuendo) gradual decrease in the intensity of sound
development the center-most portion of sonata–allegro form, in which the thematic material of the exposition is developed and extended, transformed, or reduced to its essence; it is often the most confrontational and unstable section of the movement
Dies irae a Gregorian chant composed in the thirteenth century and used as the central portion of the Requiem Mass of the Catholic Church
diminished chord a triad or seventh chord made up entirely of minor thirds and producing a tense, unstable sound
diminuendo (see decrescendo) diminution a reduction, usually by half, of
all the rhythmic durations in a melody
dissonance a discordant mingling of sounds, resulting in harmonic tension that ultimately seeks resolution
diva Italian for “goddess,” she is a celebrated female opera singer
Doctrine of Affections early-seventeenth- century aesthetic theory that held that different musical moods could and should be used to influence the emotions, or affections, of the listener
dominant the chord built on the fifth degree of the scale; tends to move to tonic triads at the ends of musical phrases
doo-wop type of soul music that emerged in the 1950s as an outgrowth of the gospel hymns sung in African-American churches in urban Detroit, Chicago, and New York; its lyrics made use of repeating phrases sung in a cappella (unaccompanied) harmony below the tune
double bass the largest and lowest-pitched instrument of the string family
double stops technique in which a violinist holds (stops) two and sometimes more strings simultaneously, and sweeps across them with the bow
downbeat the first beat of each measure; it is indicated by a downward motion of the conductor’s hand and is usually stressed
endless melody an undifferentiated stream of solo singing and declamation, as heard in the music dramas of Richard Wagner
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