Page 693 - The Principle of Economics

CHAPTER 31 AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY 713
Price Level
P1
P2
0 Natural rate of output
Figure 31-4
THE LONG-RUN AGGREGATE- SUPPLY CURVE. In the long run, the quantity of output supplied depends on the economy’s quantities of labor, capital, and natural resources and on the technology for turning these inputs into output. The quantity supplied does not depend on the overall price level. As a result, the long-run aggregate-supply curve is vertical at the natural rate of output.
Long-run aggregate supply
2. ...doesnotaffect the quantity of goods and services supplied in the long run.
1. A change in the price level . . .
Quantity of Output
goods and services is limited by its labor, capital, natural resources, and tech- nology. Thus, when all prices in the economy rise together, there is no change in the overall quantity of goods and services supplied.
WHY THE LONG-RUN AGGREGATE- SUPPLY CURVE MIGHT SHIFT
The position of the long-run aggregate-supply curve shows the quantity of goods and services predicted by classical macroeconomic theory. This level of production is sometimes called potential output or full-employment output. To be more accurate, we call it the natural rate of output because it shows what the economy produces when unemployment is at its natural, or normal, rate. The natural rate of output is the level of production toward which the economy gravitates in the long run.
Any change in the economy that alters the natural rate of output shifts the long-run aggregate-supply curve. Because output in the classical model depends on labor, capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge, we can catego- rize shifts in the long-run aggregate-supply curve as arising from these sources.
Shifts Arising from Labor Imagine that an economy experiences an in- crease in immigration from abroad. Because there would be a greater number of workers, the quantity of goods and services supplied would increase. As a result, the long-run aggregate-supply curve would shift to the right. Conversely, if many workers left the economy to go abroad, the long-run aggregate-supply curve would shift to the left.
The position of the long-run aggregate-supply curve also depends on the nat- ural rate of unemployment, so any change in the natural rate of unemployment shifts the long-run aggregate-supply curve. For example, if Congress were to raise