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448 Chapter 15 | The Civil War, 1860–1865
the question of the Confederacy. These expectations did not match reality, however, and the war dragged on into a second year. Both sides mobilized, with advantages and disadvantages on each side that led to a rough equilibrium. The losses of battles at Manassas and Fredericksburg, Virginia, kept the North from achieving the speedy victory its generals had hoped for, but the Union did make gains and continued to press forward. While they could not capture the Southern capital of Richmond, they were victorious in the Battle of Shiloh and captured New Orleans and Memphis. Thus, the Confederates lost major ground on the western front.
15.3 1863: The Changing Nature of the War
The year 1863 proved decisive in the Civil War for two major reasons. First, the Union transformed the purpose of the struggle from restoring the Union to ending slavery. While Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation actually succeeded in freeing few slaves, it made freedom for African Americans a cause of the Union. Second, the tide increasingly turned against the Confederacy. The success of the Vicksburg Campaign had given the Union control of the Mississippi River, and Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg had ended the attempted Confederate invasion of the North.
15.4 The Union Triumphant
Having failed to win the support it expected from either Great Britain or France, the Confederacy faced a long war with limited resources and no allies. Lincoln won reelection in 1864, and continued to pursue the Union campaign, not only in the east and west, but also with a drive into the South under the leadership of General Sherman, whose March to the Sea through Georgia destroyed everything in its path. Cut off and outnumbered, Confederate general Lee surrendered to Union general Grant on April 9 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. Within days of Lee’s surrender, Confederate troops had lay down their arms, and the devastating war came to a close.
Review Questions
1. Which of the following does not represent a goal of the Confederate States of America?
3. Why did the states of the Deep South secede from the Union sooner than the states of the Upper South and the border states?
4. All the following were strengths of the Union except ________.
2.
A. to protect slavery from any effort to abolish it
B. to protect the domestic slave trade
C. to ensure that slavery would be allowed to
spread into western territories
D. to ensure that the international slave trade
would be allowed to continue
A. a large population
B. substantial industry
C. an extensive railroad
D. the ability to fight defensively, rather than offensively
Which was not a provision of the Crittenden Compromise?
A. that the Five Civilized Tribes would be admitted into the Confederacy
B. that the 36°30′ line from the Missouri Compromise would be restored and extended
C. that Congress would be prohibited from abolishing slavery where it already existed
D. that the interstate slave trade would be allowed to continue
5.
6.
This OpenStax book is available for free at https://cnx.org/content/col11740/1.3
All the following were strengths of the Confederacy except ________.
A. the ability to wage a defensive war
B. shorter supply lines
C. the resources of the Upper South states
D. a strong navy
What military successes and defeats did the Union experience in 1862?