Page 14 - ASOP ROT Study Guide
P. 14

TERM               DEFINITION                          EXAMPLE

Flexion         bending at a joint that makes the angle bending the head forward to
Extension
Hyperextension  smaller                                      the chest
Abduction
Adduction       straightening a joint to make the angle straightening the knee
Circumduction   larger

Rotation        extension beyond the straight line of the bending the wrist back
                anatomical position

                moving a part away from the median plane raising an arm or leg out to
                                                                              the side

                moving a part towards the median plane       bringing splayed fingers
                                                             back together

                moving a part so that the distal part moves  drawing a large circle
                in a circle                                  -circumduction of the upper
                                                             arm at the shoulder

                moving a bone so that it rotates about its   turning a lower limb so that
                own long axis                                the patella (knee cap) is
                                                             facing away from the lower
                                                             limb -the femur rotates

4. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system consists of the bones, their joints and their associated tissues such as
ligaments and cartilage. The major bones are shown in Figure 3. It supports the body and
protects vital organs. It also provides joints and a framework for muscle attachment, thus playing a
part in body movement. This module concentrates on the latter function.

4 . 1 Bones

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebral skeleton. Bones support and protect
the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals and also enable
mobility. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of shapes and
sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and
hard, and serve multiple functions. Mineralized osseous tissue or bone tissue, is of two types –
cortical and cancellous and gives it rigidity and a coral-like three-dimensional internal structure.
Other types of tissue found in bones include marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood
vessels and cartilage.
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