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Table of Contents

Education 267
Police force 260
5 Analysis of the achievements 269

Chapter Eight: The External Influences 271
1 Before the 19th century 271
The Portuguese on the Arab coasts 271
The Qawasim 273
The polarisation of Eastern Arabian tribes into
Hinawi and Ghafiri factions 273
The Civil War in Oman 273
Enumeration of Ghafiri and Hinawi tribes of the area
later called “Trucial Oman” 276
Wahhabi influence on the area 277

2 Qawasim, Oman and Great Britain at the
beginning of the 19th century 279

Early English trade interests in the Gulf 279
Qawasim clashes with English shipping 281
Decline of Qasimi trade 281
The memory of the Portuguese conquests 282
Qawasim resentment of British-Muscati
rapprochement 283
The implications of the 1820 treaty 283
The objectives of the British authorities 283
Impact of the Treaty on the relationships between Arab
Rulers 286
Practicalities of peace keeping 287
Culmination of the maritime peace policy in 1853 288
3 Growing British military and political involvement 288

Anti-slavery treaties 288
The littoral shaikhdoms under British eyes 290
British-inspired agreement concerning absconding
debtors 291
Intervention in internal matters 292
4 Political benefits of the British influence 293

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