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Chapter Five

                5 Pearling

                Economic importance
                Agriculture in the Trucial Stales was inadequate to guarantee self-
                sufficiency even for the families participating in it; therefore, a source
                of cash to purchase additional supplies was required for the
                subsistence of most families. The nomadic and semi-settled groups
                could fall back on selling some of their famous breed of riding camels
                for cash. The population in the ports of the Trucial Stales came to
                depend to a large extent on the pearl-fishing industry for their
                livelihood. The following quotation from the Gazetteer demonstrates
                the importance of this resource at the end of the 19th century: "Pearl
                fishing is the premier industry of the Persian Gulf;. . . besides being
                the occupation most peculiar to that region . . . Were the supply of
                pearls to fail, . . . the ports of Trucial 'Oman, which have no other
                resources, would practically cease to exist; in other words, the
                purchasing power of the inhabitants of the eastern coast of Arabia
                depends very largely upon the pearl fisheries."32
                  Pearls have no intrinsic value, in the way that gold does, therefore
                the requirement for them in the rest of the world and the growth in
                that industry depend entirely on the demand for such luxury goods.
                In India, the age-old market for Gulf pearls, Pax Britannica brought
                economic growth in its wake, and pearls were ever more fashionable
                among the traditional ruling and wealthy classes as well as among
                the new group of officials in the British Government of India.
                Victorian Britain and the rest of Europe saw in pearls a tangible
                symbol of the romantic Orient. This predilection was taken up by
                society in the United States, and during the first two decades of the
                20th century New York became the second biggest market for Gulf
                pearls after Bombay.33
                  The share of the Trucial Stales in the pearling industry of the Gulf
                is illustrated by some of the figures given in the Gazetteer: the
                number of pearling boats in Trucial Oman was over 1,200 carrying an
                average crew of about 18 men. This meant that during the summer
                most able-bodied men, numbering more than 22,000, were absent on
                the pearl banks. The largest number, 410 boats, was under the
                protection of the Ruler of Abu Dhabi; the figure for Sharjah, 360
                boats, included Ra's al Khaimah, Hamrlyah, HTrah and Khan since all
                these ports as well as Fujairah, Khaur Fakkan and Kalba  were
                nominally under the shaikh of Sharjah. Dubai had 335 boats, Umm al

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