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                Chapter Four

                The Islamic Basis of                                               I
                 Society






                1 The Islamisation of the area


                Religion in the area before Islam
                There are no known records of exactly how and when Islam came to
                the tribes of Trucial Oman, but it was probably simultaneous with
                the well documented conversion of Oman and al Bahrayn to the
                faith.1 As elsewhere on the Arabian Peninsula before Islam, the
                majority of the population were probably worshippers of the moon or
                the stars2, others may have been under the influence of the beliefs of
                the frequent Persian invaders, while animistic religions were also
                widespread. As in Oman and al Bahrayn, communities which had
                been converted to Christianity were among them.
                  The Christianisation of Yemen must have greatly enhanced the
                position of Christians in other parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The
                first mission to the Yemeni tribes was led by the monk Frumentius.3
                In the second half of the fourth century ad the ruling elite of the
                Himyarite empire were converted to Christianity by Theophilus
                Indus. He was born near Karachi and taken to Rome as a hostage, but
                he later became a missionary on behalf of Emperor Constantine II
                and built three churches in the region under Himyarite rule, one of
                which may have been at Suhar.                                      i
                  Oman had a bishop from the 5th century; the first was John and the
                last one mentioned was Stephan (Etienne), in ad 676. There was
                certainly a large Christian population in Oman at the end of the 6lh
                century. The conversion to Christianity of a famous shaikh of the
                'Abs, Qais bin Zuhair, and a large part of his tribe in ad 563 was not
                an isolated incident; there was at that time a church in Suhar,
                whither he retired as a monk. Neither the Julanda’ princes ruling the
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