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A City Stole - Example Dubai

        only one year in construction, the bridge was opened to traffic in May
        1963, rising twenty-five feet above mean tide level, thus allowing
        vessels to pass beneath to the still undeveloped banks of the inner
        creek.
          Both these communications projects, the airport and the bridge,
        showed clearly that in Dubai infrastructure planning was hardly
        ever just a response to the immediate needs of the community: it was
        clearly linked to ambitious ideas about the future development of
        Dubai. Much of this development seemed to foreign experts to be
        over-optimistic at the time of conception but in the event the
        economic situation changed very rapidly during the time it took to
        implement the projects; the influx of foreign companies, the growth
        of imports and of turnover realised by businessmen more than
        justified this daring optimism.

        Land management
        The economic growth, however, including some large projects,
        brought in its wake many administrative problems which were
        tackled by the establishment of new institutions. One of these
        problems was land management, the resolution of which was
        fundamental to the further development of the State.
          Outside the built-up areas, most land belonged to the Ruler, who
        could, therefore, to some extent control the price of land by res­
        ponding to a growing demand for building land by supplying, that is
        selling, this virgin land outside the town. The greatest demand was
        for land along the shore of the creek on which merchants constructed
        houses close to where local craft were unloaded and also loaded with
        goods for re-export. The creek was deepened by dredging, which
        proved to be not a costly convenience but was turned to good
        advantage because the spoil was deposited in a low-lying area
        nearby to create new building land. The sale of this land paid for the
        cost of dredging. The value of reclaimed land became an integral part
        in the assessment of all marine projects; no amount of dredging work
        seemed too large when the cost of that work was already debited
        against the expected commercial value of the new building sites. The
        Ruler personally became the owner of such reclaimed land. Since he
        also often personally guaranteed loans raised for certain projects, the
        money he would eventually realise from selling the land was taken
        into consideration when negotiating such loans.42
          The need for land management inside the built-up areas was

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