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   “Ashapedchargeisaconcavemetalhemisphereor cone(knownasaliner)backedbyahighexplosive,alin asteeloraluminum casing.Whenthehighexplosiveis detonated,themetallineriscompressedandsqueezed forward,formingajetwhosetipmaytravelasfastas10 kilometers per second. Shaped charges were first developedafterWorldWarItopenetratetanksandother
dequipment.Theirmostextensiveusetodayisin theoilandgasindustrywheretheyopenuptherock arounddriledwels,andmilitaryordnancedesignedto defeatarmored vehicles,and breach hardened and reinforcedstructures.”(Shaped1998)Thisshapingof explosiveenergywasstudiedandrefinedbyCharlesE. Munroe,often considered one ofthe world’s leading
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onexplosives,andin1888hadtheprocess namedTheMunroeEfectinhishonor.Althoughbeing namedMunroeforhiseforts,theefectcanalsobe foundbythenamestheFoersterefect,ortheNeumann efect.TheMunroeefecthasdemonstratedtimeand timeagaintobearevolutionaryconceptthatchanged thewaymilitariesandindustrialorganizationsaround theglobeconductvariousoperations.TheMunroeefecthasenabledmilitaryforcesthroughouttheworldto redesign,update,andretrofitexplosiveordnance,whichremainedunchangedfornearly60years,andhas drasticalyimpactedseveralcivilianindustriesandorganizationstoincludeconstruction,steelmanufacturing, gasandoilretrieval,andevenfirefighting.
TheMunroeefect,inmorespecificdetail,istheprocessofpartialyfocusingtheenergywave(blastwave) thatisgeneratedwhenavoidorholow spaceiscutintoanexplosivecharge.Thisminorshapingofthe explosivechargeconcentratestheenergygeneratedbydetonation,intotheshapeorvoidcreatedbecause theblast/energywavetravelsdirectlyawayfrom thematerialbeingdetonated.Inmilitaryapplicationsthisvoid ingeneralyconeshaped,andwhenproperlyshapedanddetonatediscapableofforminganextremely high-velocitymoltenjet(slug).(Figure1.1)Sinceit’sdiscoveryandinceptioninthelate1880s,theMunroe
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fecthascometobeknownbyseveralnames,suchas,butnotlimitedto:shapedchargeefect,holow chargeefect,cavityefect,andexplosivelyformedpenetrator(EFP).TheMunroeefectwasdiscoveredwhen Munroedetonatedasquareofguncoton,whichborethemanufacturersname,adjacenttoapieceofmetal platingandasaresultthemanufacturersnamewascutintothemetal.Afternumerousexperimentsand furtherresearch,Munroepatentedtheefectandresearchintootherpracticalapplicationsfortheefecttook place.
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