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 Despitebeingdiscoveredandpatentedinthelate1880s,practicalapplicationsfortheMunroeefectwere notfulydiscovereduntilthestartofWorldWarI.TheU.S.militarydeterminedthatanexplosivewarhead utilizingashapedcharge(theMunroeefect)wascapableofpenetratingarmor,whichwassolidsteel,byone andahalftotwoandahalftimesthediameterofthewarheaditself. Duringthe1930stheU.S.began producingordnanceutilizingtheMunroeefect,ananti-tank/anti-armorrocket.“Munroedidnotperfectthe weaponasanarmor-penetratingcharge;hesimplydemonstrateditsefect.ItwastheGermans,however,
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o firs t u s e d th e s h a p e d c h a rg e in c o m b a t, w h ic h th e y re fe r re d to a s th e h o l lo w c h a rg e (H o h l la d u n g , o r H-Ladung).”(Rotman2014,p10)(Figure1.2,1.3)ImmediatelyfolowingtheGermansemploymentofsuch a w e a p o n , G re a t B rita in , th e U S S R , a n d o th e r E u ro p e a n n a tio n s fo l lo w e d a n d c re a te d th e ir v e ry o w n anti-tank/anti-armorweapons.Theseparticularpiecesofordnancearenotonlycapableofdefeatingamuch larger,andmoreexpensivethreat,butalsousesminimum amountsofhighexplosivestoachievethedesired result.
Figure1.2
Non-militaryandcivilianapplicationforitemsutilizingtheMunroeefect has continued to grow in number,and efectiveness since inception. Demolitioncrewshaveadoptedtheuseofshapedchargestofacilitatethe implosionoflargebuildingsandstadiums,wherebyonlyseveralhundred miniatureshapedchargesareneededtoaccomplishthetaskthatusedto require the use ofseveralhundreds tons ofheavy equipmentand the personnelto operate al.Additionaly,nearly aloiland naturalgas
Figure1.3
Figure1.4
Figure1.5
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haveadoptedtheuseofshapedcharges,knownasoilwel perforators,toconducttheiroperations. “Perforating—theactofblasting holes through steel casing, cem ent, and form ation rock— lasts only an instant,butthelong-term viabilityofmostoilandgasassetsdependsupon it.Thetechniqueinvolvescaryingexplosivechargesdownhole,wherethey aredetonatedtocreatetunnelsthatactasconduitsthroughwhichreservoir fluidsflow from theformationintothewelboreanduptothesurface.”
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2013)(Figure1.4,1.5) Thispractice,madepossiblebythe
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Munroe efect,has increased productivity and efectiveness,while decreasingcostandman-hours.Lastly,firefightersintheUnitedKingdom discoveredtheuseoftheMunroeefectinthe1960sand70s,intheform of anexplosiveentrytoolknownasJet-Axe.“Jet-Axewasintendedforuseto
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punchpreciseholesinwals,doors,andotherobstacles.Insteadofusinganormalaxetotrytosmashthrough asteelgaragedoor,forexample,firefighterscouldhangtheJet-Axe-whichwasessentialyapackaged explosive-onthedoorandtriggeranexplosiontopuncharectangularorcircularhole.Theseholeswouldbe usedforventilationofhazardousfumesorforforcibleentryintobuildings.”(Chan2013)(Figure1.6)
TheMunroeefect,altogether,hasproventobeoneofthemostinfluentialdiscoveriesoftheexplosives industrywithinthepasttwocenturies,notwithstandingperhapstheManhatanProject.TheMunroeefecthas enabledboththeworlds’militaries,andcivilianenterprisestomakeunprecedentedadvancementsintheir operations. From explosiveordnance,firefightingoperations,oilandgasextraction,andeverythingin between,theMunroeefecthasmadeasignificantcontributionthatwilcontinuetoproveefectiveand eficientforcenturiestocome.
Figure1.6




















































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