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CREDITS
        Illustration
        llias Arahovitis: Unit 5 stickers; Daniel Del Valle: 36–37, 52–53, 74–75, 107, 128, 144, 160; Paula Franco: 173, 179; Bunky Hurter: 55; Bob Kayganich: 62–63; Mapping
        Specialists: 125; Katie McDee: 181; Karen Minot: 169, Unit 1 stickers; Mick Posen: 33 (t), 116¬–117, 117 (t), 122, 126; Marina Seoane: 110–111; Dan Sipple: 47 (r); Ralph Voltz:
        12; Luella Jane Wright: 9, 13, 15, 25, 29, 31, 41, 45, 47 (l), 63 (b), 67, 69, 79, 85, 95, 99, 101, 112, 117 (b), 121, 123, 133, 137, 139, 149, 155, 166; Carol Zuber-Mallison: 140.
        Photography
        2 © Cengage; 2-3 (spread) Masterfile; 4 (tl) Marko Korošec/500px; (tc1) WaterFrame/Alamy Stock Photo; (tc2) MARK COSSLETT/National Geographic Image Collection; (tr)
        Matt Anderson Photography/Moment/Getty Images; 5 (tl1) AP Images/Gemunu Amarasinghe; (tl2) Helene Schmitz/National Geographic Image Collection; (tc) Westend61/
        Getty Images; (tr1) Jane Perkins; (tr2) Jeffrey Milstein; 6-7 (spread) Marko Korošec/500px; 8-9 (spread) Scott Stulberg/Corbis/Getty Images; 9 (tl) SPL/Science Source; (tr)
        Tony Crocetta/Minden Pictures; (b) Phoenixman/Shutterstock.com; (br1) (br2) Luella Jane Wright; 10-11 (spread) frans lemmens/Alamy Stock Photo; 12 (tl) (tr) (cl) (c) (cr) Ralph
        Voltz; (b) Tetra Images/Superstock; 13 (br1) (br2) Luella Jane Wright; (bc) Shell114/Shutterstock.com; 14 (tl) Garsya/Shutterstock.com; (tc) tkemot/Shutterstock.com; (tr) Pat
        LaCroix/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (cl) pfb1/E+/Getty Images; (c) skodonnell/Getty Images; (cr) Jim West/imageBROKER/Getty Images; 15 (br1) (br2) Luella Jane
        Wright; 16-17 (spread) NZP Chasers/Moment/Getty Images; 17 (cl) (c) (cr) SPL/Science Source; 18 MIAMI HERALD/SIPA/Sipa Press/Miami Florida U.S.A./Newscom; 19 (c)
        Frans Lanting/National Geographic Image Collection; (bl) AP Images/CHARLIE NEIBERGALL; 20 (cl1) niteenrk/Shutterstock.com; (cl2) stuar/Shutterstock.com; (c1) eAlisa/
        Shutterstock.com; (c2) Dorling Kindersley ltd/Alamy Stock Photo; (c3) OmiStudio/Shutterstock.com; (cr) Golden Shrimp/Shutterstock.com; 20-21 (spread) © Cengage; 22-23
        (spread) WaterFrame/Alamy Stock Photo; 24 (bl) Gerard Lacz Images/Gerard Lacz Images/Superstock; 24-25 (spread) Elliott Neep/Minden Pictures; 25 (tr1) BEATA
        SLONECKA/National Geographic My Shot/National Geographic Image Collection; (tr2) GEORGE GRALL/National Geographic Image Collection; (bl) Andy Selinger/AGE
        Fotostock; (br1) jlcst/Fotolia; (br2) (br3) Luella Jane Wright; 26-27 (spread) Andrey Nekrasov/SnapMobileFoto RF/AGE Fotostock; 28 (bl) Solvin Zankl/Nature Picture Library;
        (br) Medford Taylor/National Geographic/Getty Images; 29 (tl1) Vera Zinkova/Shutterstock.com; (tl2) Mark Conlin/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images; (tc) Anup Shah/AGE
        Fotostock; (tr) Sohns, Juergen & Christine/Animals Animals; (cl) Christophe Courteau/Nature Picture Library; (c1) Martin Harvey/Getty Images; (c2) Mark Duffy/AGE
        Fotostock; (cr1) Digital Vision./Getty Images; (cr2) Tim Fitzharris/Minden Pictures; (cr3) Roy Toft/National Geographic Image Collection; (b) Gregritchie | Dreamstime LLC; (bl)
        Martin Ruegner/Photographer’s Choice RF/Getty Images; (bc) bluehand/Shutterstock.com; (br1) (br2) (br3) Luella Jane Wright; 30 (tl) Sergey Skleznev/Dreamstime LLC; (tc1)
        Suzi Eszterhas/Minden Pictures; (tc2) JAMES P. BLAIR/National Geographic Image collection; (tr) Mark Raycroft/Minden Pictures; 31 (b) Integra New York; (br) Luella Jane
        Wright; 32 Jason Isley - Scubazoo/Getty Images; 32-33 (spread) Alex Mustard/Minden Pictures; 33 (br) Mick Posen; 34 (cr1) Cathy Keifer/Shutterstock.com; (cr2) Rolf
        Nussbaumer/naturepl.com; 35 (c) STEVE WINTER/National Geographic Image collection; (bl) MARK THIESSEN/National Geographic Image Collection; 36-37 (spread)
        (inset) Ken Karp Photography; 38-39 (spread) MARK COSSLETT/National Geographic Image Collection; 40-41 (spread) Karl Walter/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty
        Images; 41 (tl) Boris Medvedev/Shutterstock.com; (tc) Michael Vigliotti/Shutterstock.com; (tr) Mindscape studio/Shutterstock.com; (br1) Luella Jane Wright; (br2) F8.IN.TH/
        Shutterstock.com; 42-43 (spread) Sunday Times/Gallo Images/Getty Images; 44-45 (spread) IMAGEMORE Co.,Ltd./Getty Images; 45 (br1) (br2) Luella Jane Wright; 46 (tl)
        DFP Photographic/Shutterstock.com; (tc) Olaf Doering/Alamy Stock Photo; (tr) rubberball/Rubberball Productions/Getty Images; (cl) Pietro Scozzari/AGE Fotostock; (c) Chad
        Mcdermott/AGE Fotostock; 47 (bl1) Mike Flippo/Shutterstock.com; (bl2) Luella Jane Wright; (br) Dan Sipple; 48 John Henry Claude Wilson/Robert Harding; 50 (cr1) Isak86/
        Dreamstime LLC; (cr2) vectorfusionart/Shutterstock.com; 51 (c) ©Kizzy O’Neal; (bl) Jack Johnson; 52-53 (spread) Ken Karp Photography; 54 (bc) Frans Lemmens/Getty
        Images; (br) Preston Schlebusch/Getty Images; 55 (tl) Ardea/Marent, Thomas/Animals Animals; (tc) Koji Yamazaki/Minden Pictures; (tr) B.G. THOMSON/Science Source; (bl)
        (br) Bunky Hurter; 56-57 (spread) Roger Coulam/Alamy Stock Photo; 58 Jeff Greenough/Blend Images/Getty Images; 60-61 (spread) Matt Anderson Photography/Moment/
        Getty Images; 62-63 (spread) Bob Kayganich; 63 (br1) (br2) Luella Jane Wright; 64-65 (spread) Handout/Getty Images News/Getty Images; 66 (b) NASA; 67 (br1)
        Maximus256/Shutterstock.com; (br2) (br3) (br4) Luella Jane Wright; 68 (t) NASA Photo/Alamy Stock Photo; (tl) (cr) NASA; (tr) NASA -/Getty Images; 69 (b1) (b2) (b3) Luella
        Jane Wright; 70-71 (spread) sdecoret/Shutterstock.com; 72 ESA/Getty Images News/Getty Images; 73 (c) Stocktrek/Getty Images; (bl) Mark Thiessen/National Geographic
        Image Collection; 74-75 (spread) Ken Karp Photography; 76-77 (spread) AP Images/Gemunu Amarasinghe; 78 Yonhap News/YNA/Newscom; 78-79 (spread) China Daily/
                                      www.english0905.com
        Reuters; 79 (tr) KENNETH GARRETT/National Geographic Image Collection; (cr) Jake Lyell/Alamy Stock photo; (br1) (br2) Luella Jane Wright; 80-81 (spread) David Alan
        Harvey/Magnum Photos; 83 (tr) fstop123/E+/Getty Images; (br) LiliGraphie/Shutterstock.com; 84 (tl) age fotostock/Superstock; (tc) Vladimir Godnik/beyond fotomedia/Getty
        Images; (tr) María Lourdes Alonso/AGE Fotostock; (c) Cavan Images/Cavan/Getty Images; (cr) Fotosearch; 85 (b1) (b2) Luella Jane Wright; 86 (c) Photo by Andrei Averbuch;
        87 JOEL SARTORE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC PHOTO ARK/National Geographic Image Collection; 88 MIKE THEISS/National Geographic Image Collection; 89 (c) Alvis
        Upitis/Getty Images; (bl) Courtesy of Elizabeth Kapu’uwailani Lindsey; 90 (bc1) Fernandodiass/Shutterstock.com; (bc2) Helen Stebakov/Shutterstock.com; 90-91 (spread)
        3CD/National Geographic Image Collection; 92-93 (spread) Helene Schmitz/National Geographic Image Collection; 94-95 (spread) NHPA/Superstock; 95 (tl) Veekay/
        Alamy Stock Photo; (tr) John Swithinbank/AGE Fotostock; (br1) Arevyan Smbat/Shutterstock.com; (br2) (br3) Luella Jane Wright; 96-97 (spread) cotosa/Shutterstock.com; 98
        Neil Lucas/Minden Pictures; 99 (bl) (br) Luella Jane Wright; (bc) Quang Ho/Shutterstock.com; 100 (tl) logoboom/Shutterstock.com; (tc) Thomas Weightman/AGE Fotostock;
        (cr) Alesikka/Shutterstock.com; 101 (bc1) (bc2) (bc3) Luella Jane Wright; 102-103 (spread) MINT IMAGES/Science Source; 103 (bl1) BSA; (bl2) Florapix/Alamy Stock Photo;
        104 (cr1) (cr2) E R DEGGINGER/Getty Images; 105 (c) Teo Zi Ting Melissa; (bl) Courtesy of Maria Fadiman; 106-107 (spread) Ken Karp Photography; 107 monica-photo/
        Thinkstock; 108 NASA; 109 © Cengage 2019; 110-111 (spread) © Cengage; 112 Luella Jane Wright; 114-115 (spread) Westend61/Getty Images; 116-117 (spread) Mick
        Posen; 117 (tl) (c) Mick Posen; (b) Luella Jane Wright; (bc) yamix/Shutterstock.com; 118-119 (spread) Sigurdur Hrafn Stefnisson; 120 STEVE AND DONNA O’MEARA/
        National Geographic Image Collection; 121 (b) Luella Jane Wright; 122 (tl) (tc) (tr) Mick Posen; 123 Luella Jane Wright; 124-125 (spread) Alexandre Socci; 125 Mapping
        Specialists; 126 (cl) (c) (cr) Mick Posen; 127 (c) S Jonasson/FLPA/Minden Pictures; (bl) AP Images/Cliff Owen; 128-129 (spread) Ken Karp Photography; 130-131 (spread) Jane
        Perkins; 132 Borislav Marinic/Alamy Stock Photo; 132-133 (spread) Mike Nelson/EPA/Shutterstock.com; 133 (tr) Aisyaqilumaranas/Shutterstock.com; (cr) Ellen X Silverberg;
        (bc1) iStock.com/benimage; (bc2) Luella Jane Wright; 134-135 (spread) JOHN THYS/AFP/Getty Images; 136 Ashley Cooper/Alamy Stock photo; 137 (b) Luella Jane Wright;
        (bc) Mariyana M/Shutterstock.com; 138 (tl) Nastasic/E+/Getty Images; (tc) Chattapat/Shutterstock.com; (tr) Tim Jones/Alamy Stock Photo; (c) Ryan McVay/DigitalVision/
        Getty Images; (cr) ajt/Shutterstock,com; 139 (bl) (br) Luella Jane Wright; (bc) design56/Shutterstock.com; 140 (b) Yong Ho Ji; (cr) Carol Zuber-Mallison; 141 (cr) Brian
        Marshall; 142 FRANCOIS GUILLOT/AFP/Getty Images; 143 (c) ESA/Getty Images Publicity/Getty Images; (bl) KeenPress/National Geographic Image Collection; 144-145
        (spread) Ken Karp Photography; 146-147 (spread) Jeffrey Milstein; 148 (tr) Julia Bayne/AGE Fotostock; (cl) John Warburton-Lee Photography/Alamy Stock Photo; 148-149
        (spread) Zoltan Serfozo; 149 (tl) José Fuste Raga/AGE Fotostock; (tr) John Lander/Alamy Stock Photo; (br1) Dani Simmonds/Shutterstock.com; (br2) Luella Jane Wright; 150-
        151 (spread) Theo Allofs; 153 (tl) Matteo Colombo/Moment Open/Getty Images; (tr) BETH WALD/National Geographic Image Collection; (cl1) JOEL SARTORE/National
        Geographic Image Collection; (cl2) Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images; (c) Sergio Pitamitz/Corbis/Getty Images; (cr) Dinodia/AGE Fotostock; (bl) Pierre-Yves Babelon/Moment/
        Getty Images; 154 (tl) iStock.com/JulNichols; (tc) Sandra Baker/Getty Images; (tr) igor kisselev/Alamy Stock Photo; (c) PETE RYAN/National Geographic Image Collection; (cr)
        Bernardo Galmarini/Alamy Stock Photo; 155 (br1) Maridav/Shutterstock.com; (br2) Luella Jane Wright; 156-157 (spread) Laura Grier Travel; 158 (cr1) Seaphotoart/Alamy
        Stock Photo; (cr2) Justin Lewis/Getty Images; 159 (c) GoSeeFoto/Alamy Stock Photo; (bl) The Washington Post/Getty Images; 160 (cl) Bernardo Galmarini/Alamy Stock Photo;
        (c1) Chad Ehlers/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; (c2) Andrew Gibson/Alamy Stock Photo; (cr) Daniel DelValle; 160-161 (spread) Ken Karp Photography; 162 Marco
        Restivo/Moment Open/Getty Images; 163 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 164-165 (spread) Tjetjep Rustandi/Alamy Stock Photo; 166 Luella Jane Wright; 169 (tl) (tc1) (tc2) (tr)
        (cl1) (cl2) (c1) (c2) (c3) (c4) (cr1) (cr2) (bl) (bc1) (bc2) (br) © Karen Minot/Cengage; 170 (t) (b) © Cengage; 173 (cl) (c1) (c2) (cr) (bl) (bc1) (bc2) (br) © Paula Franco/Cengage;
        174 (t) (b) © Cengage; 175 (c) © Integra New York/Cengage; 178 © Cengage; 179 © Paula Franco/Cengage; 180 © Cengage; 181 (tl) (tc) (tr) (cl1) (c1) (cr1) (cl2) (c2) (cr2)
        (bl) (bc) (br) © Katie McDee/Cengage; S1 (tl1) (tl2) (tl3) (tc1) (tc2) (tr1) (tr2) © Karen Minot/Cengage; (bl1) Kachalkina Veronika/Shutterstock.com; (bl2) MediaProduction/E+/
        Getty Images; (bl3) cornishman/Thinkstock; (bc1) Oleg/AGE Fotostock; (bc2) Ljupco Smokovski/Shutterstock.com; (bc3) Stockbyte/Thinkstock; (bc4) SumikoPhoto/Thinkstock;
        (br1) age fotostock/Alamy Stock Photo; (br2) Stocktrek Images, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo; (br3) eddtoro/Shutterstock.com; S2 (tl1) (tl2) (tl3) (tc1) (tc2) (tr1) (tr2) © Ilias Arahovitis/
        Cengage; (cl1) keattikorn/iStock/Getty Images; (cl2) STOCK4B-RF/Getty Images; (cl3) lantapix/iStock/Getty Images; (c1) PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images; (c2) ideeone/
        iStock/Getty Images; (cr1) _human/iStock/Getty Images; (cr2) Joshua Haviv/Shutterstock.com; (bl1) Elnur/Shutterstock.com; (bl2) ©Ingvar Bjork/Shutterstock.com; (bc1)
        Sebastian Crocker/Shutterstock.com; (bc2) Tamas Panczel - Eross/Shutterstock.com; (bc3) Kristina Postnikova/Shutterstock.com; (bc4) MAEADV/Shutterstock.com; (br1)
        Dudarev Mikhail/Shutterstock.com; (br2) SFC/Shutterstock.com; (br3) TVP Inc/Getty Images; (br4) Milkovasa/Shutterstock.com.
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