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4 A Historical Review on the Social-Cultural Impact … 83

Fig. 4.9 The cannon investigated underwater of Nan’ao No. 1 shipwreck. Photographed by B. Li

collected (DGUAT 2003; Jie and Zhao 2005; Li and Sun 2005). These western type
cannons from both Nan’ao and Donggu shipwrecks revealed the militarizing of the
Chinese traditional merchant junks since late Ming Dynasty under the influence of
Spanish galleons.

4.3 The Influence of European Architecture
and the Emergence of the Red Brick Building
in Southern Fujian and Eastern Guangdong

Since late 16th century, a series of European style architectures including church,
business tower, consulate house, hospital, school and private dwelling emerged in
the coastal seaports and maritime commercial centers of southern China, which had
been generally the result of west cultural dissemination and maritime globalization.
Besides this pure European style architectural heritage, another type of red brick
architectural complex also emerged regionally in southern Fujian and eastern
Guangdong since 16th century. This red brick landscape had hybridized the west
and east architectural culture, sharing both the Chinese traditional courtyard
dwelling (Siheyuan, $&$) pattern in building plan, facade structure and roof top
shape, and the Roman-Islamic red brick construction. Though architects and
archaeologists have debated on the origin of this type of red brick buildings, his-
torians and cultural heritage researchers focused on its historical connection with
the Yuegang-Manila navigation and European cultural influence on the local set-
tlement pattern (Wang 2008).