Page 111 - The Age of Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent

24. A group of similar tugras on documents dated between 1531 and 1535 42. See, for instance, Çig 1971, pis. XXXIII and XXXIV; Istanbul 1983, E.
in Italian collections is published in Bombad 1965, figs. 5 and 6. 199-202 and 204; Çagman 1984, figs. 8 and 9; and Frankfurt 1985, vol. 2,
25. These are numbered E. 7816/1 to E. 7816/11. no. 1/86.
26. See, for instance, the tugras of Sulcyman published in Berlin 1982, no. 43. Duda 1983, pi. 350.
99; Binney 1979, no. 8; Riyadh 1985, no. 29, dated 1565; Sanat 1982, 78; 44. There is an undated copy in Istanbul made a few years later (Karatay
Scrtoglu 1975, 21, 23, and 25. For the tugras of Selim II see Umur 1980, fig. 196la, no. 771); another volume dated 1582 in London (Titley 1981, no.
126. See also Umur 1980, figs. 135, 142, and 150 for those of Murad III, 50); and a slightly later version in the Binney Collection (Binney 1979, no.
Mehmed III, and Ahmed I. 100; and Frankfurt 1985, vol. 2, no. l/17b).
27. See Appendix 1. 45. Islamic pilgrimage documents prepared in scroll format seem to have ex-
28. Hamdullah's retainer was recorded as 30 akçes a day, while that of isted since the eleventh or twelfth century. Among the earliest illustrated ver-
Karahisari was 1 5 to 16 akçes. sions is an example dated 1285, now in the Museum of Turkish and Islamic
29. The names of three other illuminators, Hasan b. Abdullah, Fazullah b. Arts. Many of the pre-Ottoman scrolls came to Istanbul from the Great
Arab, and Mehmed b. Ilyas, appear in the colophons of Korans in the Top- Mosque in Damascus. See Tanindi 1983a, 409 and 410, n. 12.
kapi Palace. Hasan b. Abdullah illuminated a Koran transcribed in 1503/ 46. Stchoukine 1967.
1504 by $eyh Hamdullah (Karatay 1962-1967, no. 800; and Yagmurlu 47. Çagman 1974-1975.
1973, fig. 18); Fazullah b. Arab illuminated two copies of the Enam Suresi in 48. These manuscripts are discussed in Grube 1981.
1506/1507 (Karatay 1962-1969, nos. 806 and 807; and Yagmurlu 1973, no.
XVIII); and Mehmed b. ilyas worked on a Koran dated 1547/1548 (Karatay 49. Stchoukine 1966, pi. IV; and Atil 1980, ill. 70.
1962-1969, no. 818; Yagmurlu 1973, fig. 25; and Demiriz 1977). These 50. Sotheby's 1985c, no. 408.
artists are not listed in the payroll registers, with the possible exception of 51. Atil 1980, pi. 17; and Istanbul 1983, E. 55.
Fazullah b. Arab, who may be the Fazullah mentioned in 1505. See 52. Sôylemezoglu 1974.
Appendix 3A. 53. It should also be noted that another group of artists had fled Tabriz
30. For the illuminated serlevha of the Suleymanname see Atil 1986, 88 and when the Safavids captured the city and took up residence in Amasya before
89. joining the nakkas,hane in Istanbul. Included among them was §ahkulu of
31. These are published in Istanbul 1983, E. 265 and 268. Baghdad, who will be discussed later. See also note 8 above.
32. These documents arc published in Meriç 1953, no. CXV; see also Istan- 54. Atil 1984, pis. 6 and 8-13.
bul 1983, E. 192. 55. For a study of this library see Berkovits 1964. See also Atil 1986, 77,
33. See Appendix 2B. n. 42.
34. It is not possible to determine when the Korans of Yakut and Sayrafi 56. Halman 1979, 10.
entered the Topkapi Palace. They may have been in the collection for a long 57. Derman 1970, 283.
time or arrived during Süleyman's reign. A number of historians, including 58. In addition to these versions discussed here, there is an unpublished
Arifi, the author of the Suleymanname, describe the gifts presented to the sul- copy in the Istanbul University Library, T. 1976, datable to the 1560s.
tan on various occasions. Among those sent to the court by Elkas Mirza, a 59. This style and its Ottoman counterparts are discussed in Çagman 1978.
Safavid prince who joined the sultan's campaign to Iran in 1548-1549, were
Korans transcribed by these very two calligraphcrs, presumably taken as 60. Dickson and Welch 1981; Ahmed Feridun Pa§a in his account of the
booty when Elkas advanced with the Ottoman army as far as Isfahan. Since Szigetvár campaign discusses the presentation of the manuscript to Selim II
the Topkapi Palace owns several manuscripts by Yakut and Sayrafi, many of and describes its binding and paintings (TSM, H. 1339, fol. 246b).
which were decorated and rebound in later years, the volumes sent by Elkas 61. Reflecting pools appear in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Mamluk
cannot be properly identified. manuscripts of the Kelile ve Dimne (Atil 198la, 22) as well as in sixteenth-
35. This text, also known as Tefsir-i Hüseyni, was composed by Hüseyin el- century Turkish translations of the same work, entitled the Hümayunname,
Kasjfi. The earliest copy, transcribed by the author in 1494, is in the Topkapi which may have provided the impetus for this scene.
Palace (Karatay 196la, no. 4). 62. Binney 1979, no. 13; and Atil 1986, fig. 40.
36. Another contemporary work with a lacquered binding, a copy of the 63. Binney 1979, no. 13; arid Atil 1986, fig. 41.
Divan-i Babur, appears to have also been produced for §ehzade Mehmed, 64. Stchoukine 1966, pi. IX; and Titley 1981, no. 1.
whose seal is found in the manuscript. For this and other lacquered bindings 65. Atil 1980, ill. 75.
dating from Süleyman's reign see Tanindi 1984. 66. Binney 1979, no. 9.
37. Reproduced in Atil 1980, ill. 106; and Istanbul 1983, E. 124. 67. Çig 1959, no. 5.
38. The Topkapi Palace owns over forty of these bindings dating between 68. Stchoukine 1972 and Akalay 1973.
the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries; substantially more examples are
Palace owns another
The Topkapi
listed in palace inventories. See Çagman 1984, 54, n. 12. 69. Reis that shows only the North and fragmentary parchment map made by
bears
Piri
and
coasts
Central American
39. Reproduced in Atil 1980, ill. 107; and Istanbul 1983, E. 201. See Çag- the date 1528/1529 (Selen 1937).
man 1984, where this piece and other works by the same artist are analyzed.
The tradition of using jeweled bindings for religious texts also existed in Eu- 70. The original maps used by Columbus are now lost. The earliest copy ap-
rope and Iran. The Safavids used jeweled gold covers on secular manuscripts pears to have been made c. 1500 by Juan de la Cosa, who took part in the
expedition;
another,
1492
Zorzi, was
1525 by Alessandro
made
c.
as well, for example, on the famous §ahname of Tahmasp (Çagman 1984, map brought to Italy in 1506 by Columbus' brother Bartholomew. based on a
54). At times Ottomans applied gems and pearls to leather bindings, includ-
ing the c. 1535-1540 copy of the Divan-i Babur (Tanindi 1984, fig. 15) and a 71. The same style of painting is found in maps made in the first decade of
Koran dated 1583 (Istanbul 1983, E. 183), both in the Topkapi Palace. the sixteenth century (Hapgood 1979, figs. 86, 89, 92, 99, and 104). One of
these, dated c. 1502, appears to contain what would have been included in
40. Çagman 1984 mentions that the societies included ninety men in 1526, the missing half of Piri Reis' world map (Hapgood 1979, figs. 99 and 104).
sixty-nine men in 1558-1559, fifty-eight men in 1566.
41. Since there are no payroll registers dated between 1566 and 1596, it is 72. Both versions were first published in Kahle 1926 and 1929; see Soucek
latest
for the
study.
1973
not possible to determine exactly when Mehmed started working at the
court. His name is not listed in the 1606 register, which indicates that he 73. Piri Reis also discussed the New World in this book and mentioned that
died shortly after 1605. the earth is a sphere, a revolutionary concept for the time (Adivar 1970, 68).
no