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1 The most prominent expo- 5 For a discussion of the role of 10 Shimizu 1992, 231. While radi- 15 Donald F. McCallum, "The
nent of this view in modern such paintings in popular cally different in style and Sculpture of Enkü," parts 1-2,
Japanese scholarship was preaching, see Tatsurô Akai, technique, Jakuchu's famous Oriental Art 20 (1974), 174-191,
Tsuji Zennosuke in Nihon "The Common People and series of thirty paintings enti- 400-413.
Bukkyô shi (Tokyo, 1952-1955), Painting," in Chie Nakane and tled Colorful Realm of Living
especially vols. 9 and 10, the Shinzaburô Ôishi, eds., Toku- Beings was similarly produced 16 McCallum 1974, 411.
concluding chapter of which gawa Japan: The Social and Eco- for Shôkokuji, a Buddhist
is entitled "The Decline of nomic Antecedents of Modern temple in Kyoto. When he 17 McCallum 1974,175.
Buddhism and the Corruption Japan (Tokyo, 1990), 167-191. dedicated the set to the tem-
of the Clergy." This view, reit- ple, Jakuchu also included a 18 Sawa Ryüken, "Shugendó Art,"
erated in much subsequent 6 Ivan Morris, trans., The Life of more traditional Buddhist Japanese Journal of Religious
Japanese scholarship, is to be an Amorous Woman and Other triptych. Studies 16, nos. 2-3 (1989),
found as well in the standard Writings (New York, 1963), 203-204.
historical surveys of George 203-208. 11 Money L. Hickman and
Sansom, Masaharu Anesaki, Yasuhiro Sato, The Paintings of 19 Ketelaar 1990, 50-51.
cat. 137
George Eliot, and Joseph Kita- 7 Timón Screech, "The Strangest Jakuchu, Asia Society Galleries 22 3
Sumiyoshi Festival,
detail from a pair of gawa, among others. For a Place in Edo: The Temple of (New York, 1989), 164-165. 20 Helen Hardacre, "Conflict
six-panel screens; critical response see Paul B. the Five Hundred Arhats," between Shugendó and the
Watt, "Juin Sonja (1718-1804): Monumento Nipponica 48, no. 4 12 Hakuin's description of his New Religions of Bakumatsu
ink, color, and gold on paper, A Response to Confucianism (Winter 1993), 407-428. first enlightenment experi-
7
3
97.5 x 269 (s8 /8 x 105 /s), Japan," Japanese Journal of
The Sakai Museum, within the Context of Bud- ence (satori or kenshó) is Religious Studies 21, nos. 2-3
Osaka dhist Reform," in Peter Nosco, 8 Tsuji Nobuo, Playfulness in one of the most vivid in Zen (i994), 142-149-
éd., Confucianism and Tokugawa Japanese Art (Lawrence, Kans., literature: "Night and day I
Culture (Princeton, 1984), 1986), 69-70. did not sleep; I forgot to eat 21 Mizoguchi Komazó, "Tóhoku,
188-214. and rest. Suddenly a great Hokuriku-chihó ni okeru
9 Yoshiaki Shimizu, "Multiple doubt manifested itself before shügen chakusai," Shükyó
2 The Neo-Confucian Banzan Commemorations: The Veg- me. It was as though I were kenkyu 4, no. 4 (1943), 192-198.
complained of "a faithless etable Nehan of Itó Jakuchu," frozen solid in the midst of an
Buddhism" in which monks in Sanford et al. 1992, 207- 208. ice sheet extending tens of 22 Cited in KazuakiTanahashi,
"freely indulge in worldly See also Haruo Shirane, Traces thousands of miles. A purity Enkü: Sculptor of a Hundred
affairs without concern for of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural filled my heart and I could Thousand Buddhas (Boulder,
either discipline or scholar- Memory, and the Poetry o/Basho neither go forward nor Co., 1982), 107.
ship" (Watt 1984,190). (Stanford, 1998), 35-37, on the retreat. To all intents and pur-
apotheosis of the poet. The poses I was out of my mind.
3 For an analysis of this critique parinirvana of Arashi is repro- ...This state lasted several
see James Edward Ketelaar, duced in Tsuji 1986, 66. A days. Then I chanced to hear
Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji related development was the the sound of the temple bell
Japan: Buddhism and Its Perse- proliferation of ukiyoe death and I was suddenly trans-
cution (Princeton, 1990), 3-42. portraits memorializing formed. It was as if a sheet of
famous actors, published as ice had been smashed....All
4 For two different understand- soon as they died and mar- my former doubts vanished as
ing of the influence of this keted to their fans. though ice had melted away.
basic Buddhist picture of the In a loud voice I call out,
world in Japan, see William R. 'Wonderful, wonderful.'" See
LaFleur, The Karma of Words: Philip B. Yampolsky, trans.,
Buddhism and the Literary Arts The Zen Master Hakuin: Basic
in Medieval Japan (Berkeley, Writings (New York, 1971), 118.
1983), 26-59; an d Barbara Ruch,
"Coping with Death: Paradigms 13 Yampolsky 1971, 69.
of Heaven and Hell and the
Six Realms in Early Literature 14 On this central figure of the
and Painting," in James H. Chan/Zen pantheon, see
Sanford et al., eds., Flowing Bernard Faure, "Bodhidharma
Traces: Buddhism in the Literary as Textual and Religious Para-
and Visual Arts of Japan digm," History of Religions 25,
(Princeton, 1992), 93-130. no. 3 (1986), 187-198.