Page 47 - Edo: Art in Japan, 1615–1868

1 For the social, economic, and 12 Ooms 1985, 297. For a discus- 16 In the eighteen years between 19 Ooms 1996,108. For gifts given
demographic history of Edo, sion of Takagi Shôsaku's simi- 1703 and 1721, Edo's two by the daimyo and shogunal
see Takeo Yazaki, Social Change lar views, see Herman Ooms, largest theaters burned to the relative Matsudaira Sadanobu
and the City in Japan: From Tokugaiua Village Practice: Class, ground eight times; in the when he obtained a seat in
Earliest Times through the Indus- Status, Poujer, Lau; (Berkeley, 17105 no fewer than 1,008 the shogunal bureaucracy, see
trial Revolution (Tokyo, 1968), 1996), 93-96. wards, out of a total of some Herman Ooms, Charismatic
chaps. 5 and 6. i,600, were destroyed by fire. Bureaucrat: A Political Biography
13 For the translation of the The Yoshiwara pleasure quar- of Matsudaira Sadanobu, 1758-
2 Allan Grapard, The Protocol of status regulations of one ter (five townships) burned 1829 (Chicago, 1975), 162-163.
the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga domain, see Robert K. Sakai down eighteen times during
Cult in Japanese History (Ber- et al., The Status System and the last century of Tokugawa 20 Yasunaga Toshinobu, Ando
keley, 1992). Social Organization o/Satsuma: rule, or on the average of once Shôeki, Social and Ecological
A Translation of the "Shumon every five years. See Nishi- Philosopher of Eighteenth-
3 Neil McMullin estimates Te/uda Aratame Jómoku" yama Matsunosuke, Edo Cul- Century Japan (Tokyo, 1992),
that more than 25 percent of (Honolulu, 1975). For cultural ture: Daily Life and Diversions 123, 248.
4 6 the total land area in Japan status legislation, see in Urban Japan, 1600-1868
belonged to temples and Ooms 1996,177-178,199-201, (Honolulu, 1997), 27, 29, 60. 21 This thesis is developed by
shrines during the Muro- 265-267,339-345. Edo's two biggest fires Susan B. Hanley and Kozo
machi period (Buddhism and occurred in 1657 — when four Yamamura in their Economic
the State in Sixteenth-Century 14 In the so-called kokudaka hundred townships, more and Demographic Change in
Japan [Princeton, 1984], 23, system the productivity of than nine hundred warrior Preindustrial Japan, 1600 -1868
251). During the Tokugawa each daimyo's domain and residences, and the shogunal (Princeton, 1977).
period, which saw a great the shogun's domain (used castle burned down — and in
increase in the number of as a basis for tribute levies) 1772, when over one third of 22 The forced urban concentra-
temples, this percentage was converted into the equiv- the city went up in flames tion of the samurai was one
dropped to 2.5. alent of a measure of rice (Kokushi daijiten, vol. 13 [Tokyo, of several measures devised
(koku equal to 180 liters). Each 1992], 757, 759)- by the daimyo and shogun
4 Ikegami Eiko, The Taming of domain's kokudaka was the to control their vassals better
the Samurai: Honorific Indivi- total productivity of all its 17 Englebert Kaempfer, traveling as salaried dependents.
dualism and the Making of Mod- villages, and ultimately of all in Japan in 1690 -1692, gives The measure denied them
ern Japan (Cambridge, Mass., individual fields, while the a detailed description of a the degree of autonomy that
1995), 65. whole country's wealth was procession he encountered on they would have had with
the total of all kokudaka. his return from Edo in 1692 subinfeudation, as in Euro-
5 Dale Slusser, "Collecting (History of Japan Together lüith pean feudalism.
Power in the Field of Chanoyu" 15 "The total amount of goods the Description of the Kingdom
(master's thesis, University of is limited, and those of fine o/Siam, 1690-92, vol. 2 [Glas- 23 The initiative to round up all
California, Los Angeles, 1994). quality are few, while coarse gow, 1906], 332-335)- In the prostitutes and gather them
goods are many. Therefore, if two months of heaviest travel in one place under govern-
6 Herman Ooms, Tokugauja one established institutions (the fourth and sixth) no ment supervision came from
Ideology: Early Constructs, 1570 - whereby one had people of fewer than 106 daimyo took a commoner. He suggested it
1680 (Princeton, 1985), 44. elevated status use the fine the Tókaidó road (Toshio G. to the Edo city commissioner
goods (from clothing, to food, Tsukahira, Feudal Control in in 1612. Five years later he
7 Ooms 1985, chap. 2. to housing) and those of Tokugaiua Japan: The Sankin was appointed headman of
despised status the bad goods, Kôtai System [Cambridge,Mass., the five townships that con-
8 Karen Gerhart, The Eyes of the number of the former by 1970], 71). Other occasions stituted the Yoshiwara dis-
Power: Art and Tokugawa nature being small while that for pomp and magnificence trict. Tsukada Takashi, Mibun-
Authority (Honolulu, in press). of the latter is big, if the fewer were shogunal progresses to sei shakai to shimin shakai:
people use the fewer things the Nikkô shrine for leyasu. Kinsei Nihon no shakai to ho
9 Ogyü Sorai, Master Sorai's and the more numerous people A contemporary description (Tokyo, 1992), loo.
Responsals: An Annotated Trans- use the more numerous of the 1774 procession, no
lation of "Sorai sensei tomonsho," things, then, following reason, doubt exaggerated, reported 24 For instance, Tadano Makuzu
trans. Samuel H. Yamashita nothing will stand in the way 230,000 porters, 620,000 foot (1763 -1825), the daughter of
(Honolulu, 1994), 83. for the things of this country soldiers, and 35,000 horses, a doctor, mingled with poets,
to be used by all the people stretching all the way from connoisseurs, nativists,
10 MaedaTsutomu,KinseiNihonno of this country to satisfy their Edo to Nikkó, some one hun- castaways, and gamblers who
jugaku to heigafeu (Tokyo, 1996). needs" (Ogyü Sorai, Seidan, in dred miles away (Watanabe visited her home, but she also
Nihon shisó taikei [hereafter Hiroshi, "Goikó' to shóchó: served as maid-in-waiting
11 Sorai 1994, 41. NST] 36 [Tokyo, 19733], 313). Tokugawa seiji taisei no ichi in the women's quarters of
Olivier Ansart emphasizes sokumen, Shisó, 740, no. 2 two daimyo for ten years;
the economic function of rites [1986], 138). her younger sister served the
in Sorai's thought, highlight- younger sister of Matsudaira
ing important Chinese prece- 18 Ooms 1996,177, 200-202. Sadanobu, chief shogunal
dents, some of them well councilor (1787 -1793). Suzuki
known to Sorai (L'empire du Yoneko, "Kaidai," in Tadano
rite: La pensée politique d'Ogyu Makuzu shü, ed. Suzuki Yoneko
Sorai [Paris, 1998]). See also, (Tokyo, 1994), 545, 546, 550.
J. R. McEwan, The Political
Writings of Ogyü Sorai (Cam-
bridge, 1962), 38-40.