Page 54 - Bonhams May 2022 Arrow Vases

The Ottoman empire did have direct contact with the Ming Court. 槍管為實心熟鐵一體鑽孔而成，六面圓柱體，前斂後粗，槍嘴嵌黃銅
During the Jiajing reign, it sent envoys to Beijing five times, guarded 準星，中段嵌正方體照門，照門內鎪孔槽一條，準星照門之間管面䤹
by these Lumi guns. In the 23nd year of the Jiajing reign (1544) the 銀纏枝花卉紋，照門至銃尾表面䤹銀飾梵文「嗡啊吽」三字，其上䤹
mission had an 'officer of guns and armour' called Tosuma (circa 銀蓮葉紋，其下䤹銀兩行字：「提督軍務兼管局廠都督曹」及「監造
1523-1606) who helped the Ming army and was awarded a rank in 都司王之臣」，火門為黃銅質，管背陰刻「弍」及匠人名「潘善在」
the Embroidered Guards. The production methods of these Lumi guns 四字。
was passed onto Zhao Shizhen, whereupon he petitioned the Court to
mass-produce these guns. In the first year of Tianqi (1621), the Ming 槍身所䤹梵文「嗡啊吽」三字，為藏傳密宗金剛總持即普賢王如來根
army had a record of 2000 Lumi guns. See Xu Guangqi, Xu Guangqi ji, 本咒，代表佛的三密和三身，明代永宣兩朝瓷器常有裝飾此咒，及至
Shanghai, 1963, p.172. 晚明，萬曆皇帝擯棄嘉靖道教信仰，所作工藝品上又開始出現此三字
明。䤹銀銘文「提督軍務兼管局廠都督曹」中局廠為明代內廷八局之
The Portuguese also introduced guns via the sea into Southern China. 「兵仗局」，為內廷二十四衙門之一，屬於製作御用器物機構，首領
In the 27th year of the Jiajing reign (1548), the Governor of Zhejiang 為掌印太監。有明一代多有太監提督軍務，如正德年間有御馬監太監
Zhu Wan attacked Portuguese pirates entrenched near Ningbo, seizing 張忠，領欽差提督軍務銜，參與平息寧王之亂，故此處銘文當指某掌
Portuguese-made guns. The guns served as a prototype and were 管兵杖局並有提督軍務之銜的曹姓太監。
quickly copied and mass-produced to equip the Zhejiang army. See
Pan Jixing, The History of Gunpowder in China, Shanghai, 2016, 「監造都司王之臣」中王之臣，陝西潼關衛人，萬曆二十三年（1595
pp.547-562. According to Zhao Shizhen's records, the firepower 年）進士，天啟二年（1622年）擢都察院右僉都御史，巡撫宣府，天
and range of the Turkish guns was better than Portuguese guns; 啟五年升兵部右侍郎，任薊遼總督，六年任兵部尚書兼都察院右副都
the Turkish guns being copied in Beijing, whilst the Portuguese guns 御史，與袁崇煥共同經略遼東，後與袁不和，崇禎元年（1628年）被
were being copied in the South. In addition to this, Wang Zhichen 召回京師，後捲入魏忠賢案，去職去銜，終身不復起用。
always largely remained in the North, and did not venture South on
official business, so it is likely that the present lot belongs to the same 此鎗管不同於一般明清鳥銃常見之細長，粗細適中而長短更似手銃，
category of Lumi guns. 公私收藏中皆無可參考者，可謂目前所見最早之中國手槍孤例。此手
銃脫胎於長管之鳥銃。鳥銃於十五世紀早期發源於歐洲，即西方所謂
Muskets were mainly equipped in the army during the Ming dynasty, it 火繩鎗，通過海陸兩條途徑傳入中國。
is possible that within the army, shooting had developed as a game or
competition. Although there are limited records of the hunting activities 陸路最早可追溯到正德年間，其時吐魯番吞併哈密，明軍馳援哈密，
in Ming court, emperors in Qing dynasty left a number of illustrations 被吐魯番從土耳其獲取之火器擊退，明人稱奧斯曼土耳其帝國為嚕
of the imperial hunting scenes where the emperor shooting with a 'bird 蜜，此火器即是趙士禎（活躍於約1552-1611）於《神器譜》中記載
gun'. See a painting depicting Qianlong Emperor shooting a deer in a 之「嚕蜜銃」，本件銃管與書中所繪圖樣十分相近，見明代趙士禎
hunting, Qianlong, Palace Museum, Beijing, illustrated in The Complete 著，《神器譜》，萬曆二十三年本（1598年），台灣國家圖書館藏，
Collection of Treasures of the Palace Museum: Armaments and Military 頁11。奧斯曼土耳其與明廷有直接往來，嘉靖年間五次遣使至北京，
Provisions, Shanghai, 2008, p.205. 隨團以嚕蜜銃護衛，嘉靖二十三年（1544年）使團以嚕蜜銃協防明
軍，使團中軍械官員朵思麻（Tosuma， 1523-1606）為明廷留用，
賜錦衣衛，七十四歲時將嚕蜜銃製作方法傳予趙士禎，趙上書朝廷量
產，至天啟元年（1621年）明軍有裝備兩千嚕蜜銃之記載，見明代徐
光啟著，《徐光啟集》，上海，上冊，1963年，頁172。
葡萄牙鳥銃經水路由葡萄牙人傳入中國南部，時間較嚕蜜銃稍晚，時
在嘉靖二十七年（1548年）浙江巡撫朱紈進剿盤踞寧波雙嶼的葡萄
牙海盜，繳獲葡萄牙製鳥銃，並加以改進，大規模生產裝備浙軍。
關於明代火銃討論，參見潘吉星著，《中國火藥史》(The History of
Gunpowder in China)，上海，2016年，頁547-562。據趙士禎記載，
土耳其人之嚕蜜銃火力、射程都較葡萄牙火銃優秀，且主要在北京被
仿製，而葡萄牙鳥銃則主要在南方，加之王之臣一直經略北方，並無
南下為官經歷，故此本件手銃應當屬於嚕蜜銃一脈。

明代鳥銃一般裝備在軍隊，軍中是否有射擊作為運動或比賽，文獻闕
如，然而清代乾隆以前之皇帝都有自己的鳥銃，並且留下過鳥銃狩獵
之圖像，如北京故宮藏《乾隆擊鹿圖》，見《故宮博物院藏文物大系·
清宮武備》，上海，2008年，頁205。

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