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金剛亥母開花曼荼羅
羅文華
fig. 1 A gilt-bronze mandala of
Vajrabhairava, Yongle period, collection of
the Potala Palace
圖一 永樂 鎏金銅威羅瓦金剛壇城
布達拉宮藏品
此曼荼羅為獨特的開花曼荼羅形式。「開花曼荼羅」一詞來 THE LOTUS MANDALA
源於清代宮廷檔案。西方文獻中多稱之為 Lotus Mandala,
直譯為「蓮花曼荼羅」,以其形似蓮花。其形為八葉開敷, OF VAJRAVARAHI
正中為蓮台,供主尊,八葉分列不同尊神,與主尊合為曼荼
羅心輪主尊。八葉合攏則現蓮蕾之形,外有三重六層蓮葉, Luo Wenhua
頂上部分原應有一帽將其尖部套住,固定八葉不動,帽上有
伸出二小環,與其中二葉上的小環相擬,再以繩相繫穩固,
方便搬移。這一點可以從東北印度的勝樂金剛到永樂宮廷的
威羅瓦金剛開花曼荼羅的結構均可推知。(圖一及二)
1
以蓮蕾形構鑄曼荼羅形式,有其豐富的象徵意義,首先,佛 The structure of this spectacular mandala is in the form of a
教一直視蓮花為清淨之象徵,蓮花藏世界就是最為清淨、本 flowering lotus, hence the name Lotus Mandala, or Kaihua
原的世界,開花曼荼羅就是基於這一點設計的;此外,開花 Mantuoluo in Chinese, which was first recorded in the
曼荼羅一共八瓣,通常暗指中脈的心輪。根據瑜伽修行的理 Qing imperial archives. In a lotus mandala, the main deity
論,人體有左中右三道祖脈,其中中脈上有脈輪,心間有法 is surrounded by eight movable petals, each supporting its
輪,呈現為八道脈,也就八瓣的形狀,這也是蓮花八瓣的象 respective deity. The petals can be closed to form a lotus
bud which is designed to be locked by a cap on the tip
2
徵之一,代表法輪所在 。通常而言,這種曼荼羅因其結構過 of the bud and secured by a chain through two loops on
簡,一般無法容納一個完整的曼荼羅,多表現曼荼羅最為核 the cap. Such mechanism can be also found on the lotus
心部分,即心輪部分,這也是這種曼荼羅最重要的特徵之一。 mandalas of Chakrasamvara from Northeast India and
Vajrabhairava Ekavira commissioned by the Yongle imperial
這尊金剛亥母開花曼荼羅高約 20 釐米,上部為八瓣蓮蕾形 court. (fig. 1-2)
式,下托蓮台,蓮台下有粗壯的蓮莖支撐,蓮莖兩側有捲曲
小蓮枝。蓮莖下接圓形底托。底托周圍裝飾連珠紋。這個曼 A lotus mandala entails several layers of symbolism.
The lotus is regarded as a symbol of purity in Buddhism.
3
荼羅很可能表現的是十三尊二首金剛亥母曼荼羅 ,正中蓮臺 The eight petals denote the heart chakra, or the wheel of
上以獨腳舞蹈姿站立的是一面二臂金剛亥母,其右側面可清 heart, which operates on the central channel Sushumna.
晰看到一個野豬頭,右手抬起,持鉞刀,左手持嘎巴拉盌於 According to the theory of Yoga, there are three main
胸前,左臂彎夾持喀章嘎。頭戴三葉骷髏冠,飾連珠瓔珞。 Nadi, or channels in the human body – Ida, Pingala and
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