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                     Fig. 6.11. A Manchu        18-10-2016  15:41  Pagina 12
                     family in tented
                     quarters, anonymous,
                     oil on canvas, c. 1800,
                     78 x 112 cm, Tuyet
                     Nguyet and Stephen
                     Markbreiter Collection.

                     Fig. 6.12. Winter land-
                     scape, anonymous,
                     oil on canvas, c. 1800,
                     90.2 x 146.1 cm,
                     Martyn Gregory
                     Gallery, London.

                     Fig. 6.13. Chinese
                     emperor keeping
                                       promote the items for sale on their website with  much about the current use value assigned to
                     audience in a winter
                                       statements such as “[t]heir quality, their  them. Taking this current cultural context into
                     landscape, anony-
                                       provenance, their history and what they    consideration, I must first ‘decode’ them, before
                     mous, oil on glass,                            25
                                       symbolise make them exceptional.”  It is   we can recontextualise or ‘localise’ them as
                     c. 1804, 144 x 221 x 6 cm,
                                       noteworthy that this particular oil painting,  translated and integrated items, in order to
                     Victoria and Albert
                                       though in much better condition than the Leiden  evaluate their remarkable artistry, which, in
                     Museum,                                                                                     26
                                       ones, featured in a category of expensive and  turn, determines their future use value.
                     inv.no. P.11:1, 2-1936.
                                       very special items. Certainly, I would argue that  Therefore, they need to be rediscovered in order
                                       their rarity assigns value to them. I will construct  to make the move to a ‘new’ material complex.
                     Fig. 6.14. Winter scene
                                       my argument hereafter along the lines of value  This set of skilfully produced paintings functions
                     with distant fortress,
                                       accruement through a range of ‘sites’, i.e. the  as an actant insofar as they triggered me to take
                     anonymous, oil on
                                       paintings’ cultural biographies, the images  action to revivify them and to transfer them into
                     canvas, c. 1800,
                                       themselves, the dynamic cultural interactions,  inspirational, educational and aesthetically
                     55.7 x 89 cm, Royal
                                       inspiration and the act of appropriation,  pleasing ‘new’ art objects. What do we know
                     Pavilion & Museums,
                                       translation as token, and a counter expertise  about these idyllic landscape paintings in
                     Brighton & Hove,
                                       exercise by specialists. The conclusion is that all  Museum Volkenkunde?
                     inv.no. FA000249.
                                       these ‘sites’ benefit the paintings’ value.  Firstly, we know that seven of the winter
                                                                                  views in the Leiden museum were commissioned
                     Fig. 6.15. Archers at a                                                                      27
                                       Value accruement through cultural biographies  by Royer and are dated to before 1807.  As is
                     winter camp, anony-
                                       The plight of these artworks, stowed away in  treated in Chapter 5, it is known that he had
                     mous, oil on canvas,
                                       painting racks in the Leiden museum depot, says  assistance in assembling his Chinese collection
                     c. 1800, 74.7 x 111 cm,
                     private collection.
                     Fig. 6.16. Snow scene
                     with a Chinese family,
                     anonymous, oil on
                     canvas, c.1810,
                     75.2 x 110.3 cm, Fukuoka
                     Asian Art Museum,
                     inv.no. 726.
                                       ---
                                       25 http://www.christies.com/The-Exceptional-Sale-25924.aspx (consulted in March 2016).
                                       26 Burke 2009-b, 69-77.
                                       27 Van Campen 2000-b, 323; Van der Poel 2007, 41-45.
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