Page 40 - Chinese and japanese porcelain silk and lacquer Canepa
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Fig. 1.1.2.4  Puerto de Veracruz nueva con la
                           fuerça de San Ju° de Ulua, en el reino de la
                                 nueva España en el mar del norte
                                              A. Boot, 1628
                             Pen, brown ink and watercolour on paper,
                                               42cm x 55cm
                              Bibliotéque Nationale de France, Paris
                            (acc. no. VD-31 (2) – FT4, Gaignières, 6468)





                        52   The trade in Chinese silk from Manila to the Spanish   the colony in the Philippines. The Manila Galleon trade was primarily based on the
                          colonies in the New World will be discussed in section   exchange of Chinese silk,  for Mexican and Peruvian silver.  New Spain, positioned
                                                                                                              53
                                                                                 52
                          2.1.4 of Chapter II.
                        53   Vast supplies of silver became available following   at the international crossroads of both trans-Pacific and trans-Atlantic trade routes,
                          the Spanish conquest of the New World and the   facilitated the exchange and circulation of large quantities of Chinese and Japanese
                          subsequent discovery of rich mines in the viceroyalties
                          of New Spain and Peru in 1546. The majority of the   manufactured goods in both the New World and the Iberian Peninsula.  After the
                                                                                                                          54
                          silver was mined from Potosí in Peru (present-day
                          Bolivia). Productive silver mining was also obtained   Manila Galleon reached Acapulco in November or December, the imported Chinese
                          from Zacatecas, located 300 miles northwest of   silk, porcelain and other Asian manufactured goods were sold in the Feria de Acapulco
                          Mexico City. Silver from these mines flowed into
                          international  circulation  almost  immediately,  but  it   (Acapulco Fair), a wholesale and retail fair that was held in January. Merchants from
                          was not until the mercury amalgamation process of
                          refining was disseminated throughout the Spanish   all the Spanish viceroyalties attended (Fig. 1.1.2.2). Most of the cargo was intended
                          colonies in the New World after about 1550 that the   for consumption in New Spain, and was carried inland by mule train on an arduous
                          production soared. Silver was introduced in Manila
                          shaped in coins (reales de a ocho or peso) or in bars.   journey over the mountains to the viceroyalty’s capital, Mexico City, formerly the
                          For a discussion on the importance of the trade of
                          American silver for silk, see Katharine Bjork, ‘The Link   ancient Mexica city of Tenochtitlán. There it was sold in the city market (Parián) of
                          That Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant   the Plaza Mayor (present-day Zócalo area) (Fig. 1.1.2.3). The Spanish Bernardo de
                          Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815’, Journal of
                          World History, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Spring 1998), pp. 25–50.    Balbuena (1562?–1627) in his poem Grandeza Mexicana, published in 1604, mentions
                        54   This eastward route became part of the first global   among other Asian goods that were imported from Spain, the rest of Europe, and
                          trade route in history, which stretched from Manila
                          to Seville crossing two oceans and linking three   Manila, ‘the fine porcelain of the Sangley medroso’.  In 1625, the English Dominican
                                                                                                       55
                          continents regularly until 1815. It connected Manila
                          with Acapulco across the Pacific, Acapulco with   Thomas Gage, who travelled through the viceroyalty of New Spain and Guatemala
                          Mexico City overland and finally Veracruz with   until 1637, was quite impressed by the centrality of New Spain. Upon his arrival in
                          Seville (later Cadiz) across the Atlantic. For a recent
                          discussion on the Manila Galleon trade and the global   Veracruz that year, in 1625, Gage regaled his readers with a lengthy inventory of the
                          trade that emerged in the late sixteenth century, see
                          Arturo Giraldez, The Age of Trade: Manila Galleons   regions connected to the colonial New Spain. All of which, the traveller wrote ‘The
                          and the Dawn of the Global Economy, Lanham,   great trading from Mexico, and by Mexico from the East Indies, from Spain, from
                          Boulder, New York and London, 2015.
 Fig. 1.1.2.3  Map of Mexico City from the city   55   The transcription of the original text in Spanish   Cuba, Santo Domingo, Yucatán, and by Portobello from Peru, from Cartagena, and all
 atlas Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572  reads: ‘La fina loza del Sangley medroso’. Bernardo   the islands lying upon the North Sea, and by the River Alvarado going up to Zapotecas,
                          de Balbuena,  Grandeza Mexicana, Sociedad de
 Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg (Attributed
                          Bibliotecas Mexicanas, Mexico, 1604, Chapter 3, p.   San Idelfonso, and towards Oaxaca, and by the river Grijalva, running up to Tabasco,
 to Antoine Du Pinet, 1564; after a plan in B.
                          77. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. http://
 Bordone, Isolario, 1528)  www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcjx073.   Los Zoques, and Chiapa de Indions, maketh this little town very rich and to abound
 Coloured engraving       Accessed June 2014.               with all the commodities of the continent land, and of all the East and West Indies’
 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem & The   56   J. Eric Thompson (ed.), Thomas Gage’s Travels in the
                                                                    56
 Jewish National & University Library  New World, Norman, 1958, pp. 35–36.   treasures’.  A small quantity of the Asian goods imported into Acapulco was then


 38                                      Historical background                                                                    39
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