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29. RobertWalterFrazer,FortsandSupplies,the
1846-
Role of the Army in the Economy of the Southwest,
1861 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press,1983),p.138(hereaftercitedasFrazer,Forts and Supplies).
30. FrankA.RootandWilliamElseyConnelley, The Overland Stage to California (Columbus, Ohio: Long’s College Book Company, 1950), pp. 2-3 (hereafter cited as Root and Connelley, Overland Stage).
31. H. Wilbur Hoffman, Sagas of Old Western
Travel and Transport (San Diego: Howell-North
Books, 1980), pp. 78-80 (hereafter cited as Hoffman, 1847-
Western Travel)', Winther, Western Express p. 100. ,
BirchwasreplacedaspresidentbyJamesHayworth. 32. Robert H. Thonhoff, San Antonio Stage Lines, 1881 (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1971), pp.
9-10(hereaftercitedasThonhoff,StageLines). One of Skillman’s drivers was William A. A. “Bigfoot” Wallace, of staging fame in later years. According to Robert Norville Mullin, Stagecoach Pioneers of the Southwest (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1983, p. 4 (hereafter cited as Mullin, Pioneers), Skillman’s advertisement was prepared in December 1851, but not published until September 1852.
33. Ibid., pp. 14-15. Here John Philip Wilson, Historical Profile of Southwestern New Mexico, Report No. 21 (Las Cruces: New Mexico State University, 1975), p. 26 (hereafter cited as Wilson, Historical Profile) states that the passenger service was not added until 1853 and that George H. Gid-
tionbutnotGiddingsifthetransferhadalreadybeen
34. DormanH.Winfrey,“TheButterfieldOver- land Mail Trail, 1"Along the Early Trails of the South- west(Austin:ThePembertonPress,1969),pp.27-28 (hereafter cited as Winfrey, “Overland Mail Trail”). According to Ralph Moody, Stagecoach West (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1957), p. 69, an attempt to establish a subsidized mail route to California had been attempted as early as 1851, via Salt Lake City. Indian attacks and winter weather soon terminated the effort.
35. Faulk, Destiny Road, p. 88.
36. Thenewtransportationcompanyhadbeen formed by combining the Adams, American, Na- tional, and Wells Fargo Express Companies. It was headedbyJohnButterfield,aveteranstagemanand a personal friend of President James Buchanan.
37. Wayne R. Austerman, Sharps Rifles and Spanish Mules: The San Antonio-El Paso Mail, 1851-1881 (College Station: Texas A & M University
Press, 1985), pp. 88-90 (hereafter cited as Auster- man, Sharps Rifles). The official date of the contract was June 22, but Birch had actually signed the agree- ment 10 days earlier.
Endnotes
dings picked up the contract and provided an escort
ofthreearmedmenontherun. InWilliamWallace
Mills, Forty Years at El Paso, 1858-1898, edited by
Rex W. Strickland (El Paso: Carol Hertzog, 1962) p.
20 (hereafter cited as Mills, Forty Years), Strickland
includes a footnote comment that “The mail service
between Santa Fe and El Paso was first furnished by
David Wasson as a part of his Santa Fe and San
Antonio contract which he assigned to George H.
Giddings in 1854.” Mullin, Pioneers, pp. 6 and 9,
indicates that Wasson began operating the line on
July 1, 1854, but Giddings took over exactly three
months later. The inconsistency of these reports
foilsfurtherclarificationwithdroverJamesG.Bell’s TisdaleWolcott(ed.),PioneerNotesfromtheDiaries report that on August 8, 1854, the James cattle drive
met the Santa Fe Mail on the road above Dona Ana and that they were traveling without an escort. His observation about the stage bound for El Paso del Norte could fit either Skillman’s or Wasson’s opera-
made. Whatever the circumstances, by Giddings was definitely operating the line.
38. The $149,800 per year (later increased to $196,000) was erroneously noted in Thomas W. Duf- fen (ed.), “Overland Via ’Jackass Mail’ In 1858: The Diary of Phocion R. Way,” Arizona and the West, Vol. 2 (Spring, 1960), part 1, p. 35 (hereafter cited as Duffen, “Overland”) as $419,800 per year. The real plum would be handed to John Butterfield in a matter of days.
39. Thonhoff, Stage Lines, p. 15. Brown later bulldozed Butterfield into accepting a modification to his contract terms that required the use of much of the same route just awarded to Birch.
40. There is no known relationship between Isaiah Churchill Woods and Leach’s assistant, David Chur- chill Woods.
41. Austerman, Sharps Rifles, p. 90-91, 99; Thon- hoff, Stage Lines, p. 15.
42. Austerman, Sharps Rifles, p. 93. In Marjorie
of Judge Benjamin Hayes, 1849-1875 (Los Angeles: Marjorie Tisdale Wolcott, 1929), p. 163 (hereafter cited as Wolcott, Hayes), Judge Hayes (the forty- niner of previous notation) names the five men and says that James E. Mason and Samuel A. Ames came
1856 George