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1. RayCharlesColton,TheCivilWarintheWestern Territories (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1959), pp. 125-127 (hereafter cited as Colton, Civil War).
2. Named for Carleton’s former commander, Edwin Vose Sumner. Other sources, for example Gerald Thompson, The Army and the Navajo, the Bosque Redondo Reservation Experiment, 1863-1868 (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1976), (hereafter cited as Thompson, The Army) should be consulted for the Bosque Redondo story.
3. Colton, Civil War, pp. 127-128. Carleton and other active army officers became significant shareholders in some of the mines that developed around Pinos Altos.
4. JohnCareyCremony,LifeAmongtheApaches (Tucson: Arizona Silhouettes, 1951), pp. 266-267.
5. LeeMyers,“MilitaryEstablishmentsinSouth- western New Mexico: Stepping Stones to Settle- ment,” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 43 (Jan., 1968), pp. 19-20 (hereafter cited as Myers, “Step- ping Stones”); Robert Marshall Utley, Frontiersmen inBlue: TheUnitedStatesArmyandtheIndian, 1848-1865 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1967), pp. 249-251 (hereafter cited as Utley, Fron- tiersmen).
6. DanielEllisConner,JosephReddefordWalker and the Arizona Adventure (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), pp. 21-30 (hereafter cited as Conner,/./?. Walker). In Bil Gilbert, Westering Man, the Life Story of Joseph Walker (New York: Atheneam, 1983, pp. 299-300 (hereafter cited as Gilbert, Westering Man) the Author presented a convincing argument that Walker’s middle name was Rutherford.
7. John Myers Myers, I, Jack Swilling (New York: Hasting House Publications, 1961), pp. 240-243 (hereafter cited as Myers, Swilling). It is strange that Mangas would agree to such a conference. For the best analysis of what probably happened see Lee Myers,“TheEnigmaofMangasColoradas’Death,”
New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 41 (Oct., 1966), passim.
8. Conner, /. R. Walker, pp. 32-39; War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of theUnionandConfederateAnnies70Vols.in128
Parts(Washington:UnitedStatesWarDepartment, 1880-1901), Series 1, Vol. 50, Part 2, p. 296 (hereafter cited as Official Records).
9. Conner, J. R. Walker, p. 40. W. W. Mills reported being sent a trinket belonging to Mangas Coloradas but failed to name the donor.
10. Ibid.; Gilbert, Westering Man, p. 266. It is strange that neither Kearny nor Bartlett, who met Mangas in earlier years, mentioned his out-of- proportion cranium.
11. Myers, “Stepping Stones,”, pp. 19-20.
12. Colton, Civil War, pp. 129-131.
13. Official Records, Series 1, Vol. 15, p. 724. Mc-
Cleave steadfastly refused to draw his accumulated pay for the period he was held prisoner by the Con- federates.
14. Myers, “Stepping Stones,” pp. 24-25.
15. RobertWalterFrazer,FortsoftheWest(Nor- man: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965), p. 100.
16. Official Records, Series 1, Vol. 26, Part 1, p. 24. 17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 25. 19.JohnPhilipWilson(ab.),RecordsoftheAd-
jutant General’s Office, Fort Cummings, Post Records, Record Group 94, National Archives, Las Cruces BLM, Fort Cummings File, pp. 1-2 (hereaftercitedasWilson,FortCummings);Bureau of Land Management, National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (Las Cruces: United States Department of the Interior, August 12, 1977), Part 7, p. 1 (hereafter cited as BLM, Historic Places).
20. Official Records Series 1, Vol. 26, Part 1, p. 238. 21. Ibid., Vol. 50, Part 2, p. 632.
22. Myers, “Stepping Stones,” p. 24; Wilson, Fort
Cummings, pp. 1-2.
23. John Philip Wilson (ab.), Fort Cummings, New
Mexico - Abstract of Monthly Post Returns October 1869 - September 1886 (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico, 1970), p. 1 (hereafter cited as Wilson, Post Returns). AccordingtoBLM,HistoricPlaces,Part 8, p. 7, Fort Cummings may have been constructed over a prehistoric site because potsherds have been found there. On-site observation, however, revealed prehistoric pottery fragments contained in meltingadobebricks. Therefore,morescientific
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