Page 79 - Advanced Genesis - Creationism - Student Textbook

Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten rock material. Some form on earth or below
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the earth’s surface. Normally they are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They
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make up about 15% of the Earth’s land surface.

Metamorphic rock are rocks which arise from the transformation of existing rock types. Original rock
types such as igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to heat or pressure, causing a profound
physical change or chemical change in the rock. These types of rocks are formed with massive amounts
of dirt or sand on top of them create the pressure to alter their composition. Examples of metamorphic
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rock are quartzite, slate, and marble. They make up about 12% of the Earth’s land surface.

It is interesting that a percentage of metamorphic rock arose from the transformation of sedimentary
rock. Since that is true, then as much as 82% of the Earth’s surface was at one time covered with rock
that was formed from the sedimentation of dirt being born by water. Again, another strong validation
that the earth, at one time, was covered with water.

The Geological Column – an Evolutionary Time Scale
What is the geologic column or the geologic time scale and how does it
work? Well, the earth's crust consists of many layers of sedimentary rock
(called "strata"). Geologists assume that each layer represents a long
period of time, typically millions of years. This is actually a secondary
assumption based upon the primary assumption of Uniformitarianism.
These layers of sedimentary rock contain billions of fossil remains and
some of these fossils are unique to certain layers. Remember that fossils
are created by mass burial of living creatures, generally by water.

The layers are catalogued and arbitrarily arranged into a specific order
(not necessarily the order in which they are found). This order reflects the
assumption of macro-evolution (the widely held notion that all life is
related and has descended from a common ancestor). The creatures
thought to have evolved first are the oldest and are thus placed at the
bottom of the column of layers. The creatures thought to have evolved later are higher up and so on.

A variety of fossils from each layer of strata have been chosen to be what are called "index fossils".
Index fossils are how modern scientists date the sedimentary rock layers. Paleontologists assume the
age of an index fossil by the stage of evolutionary history the fossil is assumed to be in. They guess how
long it would take for one kind of life to evolve into another kind of life and then date the fossils and
rocks accordingly. And this poses something of a problem: If we date the rocks by the fossils, how can
we then turn around and talk about the patterns of evolutionary change through
time in the fossil record?"

The geologic time scale employs yet another circular argument. We determine
the age of the rock by the assumed age of the index fossils it contains, then, to
determine the age of all the other fossils in the same layer of rock, we look at the
age of the layer of rock in which they are found. "…Geologists are here arguing in

75 https://www.google.com/search?q=igneous+rocks&oq=igneous+rocks&aqs=chrome.0.0i433l2j0i131i433j0j0i395i
433l2j0i395l4.10605j1j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
76 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock
77 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock
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