Page 42 - Apologetics Student Textbook

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flipping a coin. In order to get 100 heads in a row, we would have to flip a coin 10 times (this is 10x10,
30 times). This is such an astounding improbability that there would not be enough time in the whole
history of the universe (even according to evolutionary timeframes) for this to happen.

According to the laws of probability, if the chance of an event occurring is smaller
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than 1:10 , then the event will never occur (this is equal to 1 divided by 10 and is a
very small number).

What have scientists calculated the probability to be of an average- size protein
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occurring naturally? Walter Bradley, Ph.D. materials science, and Charles Thaxton, Ph.D. chemistry,
calculated that the probability of amino acids forming into a protein is

1:4.9 x 10 191

Sir Fred Hoyle, Ph.D. astronomy, and Chandra Wickramasinghe, Professor of Applied Math and
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Astronomy, calculated that the probability of getting one cell by naturalistic processes is

1:1 x 10 40,000

No matter how large the environment one considers, life cannot have had a random beginning. There
are about two thousand enzymes, and the chance of obtaining them all in a random trial is only one part
20 2000
in (10 ) = 10 40,000 , an outrageously small probability that could not be faced even if the whole
universe consisted of organic soup.

Evolutionists have another big problem. It’s called the Laws of Thermodynamics.

A physical law or scientific law is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations of physical
behavior. Laws of nature are observable. Scientific laws are empirical, describing the observable laws.
Empirical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and simple
observations, over many years, and which have become accepted universally within the scientific
community.

Thermodynamic laws describe the movement of heat and work (energy) throughout the universe.

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed. Energy can only change forms. The official way to say it is like this. The
change in a system's internal energy is equal to the difference between heat added
to the system from its surroundings and work done by the system on its
surroundings. It means that food energy is changed to biological energy for the body.
The energy to maintain life, plus the work we do as an individual is the amount of
energy the body consumes. In the body, the excess energy is then processed by the
body and stored in fat tissue (energy is conserved or stored).

24 Information, Entropy, and the Origin of Life by Walter L. Bradley, p. 334.
25 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkyard_tornado#:~:text=According%20to%20Fred%20Hoyle's,one%2Din%2D104
0%2C000.

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