Page 72 - History of Christianity I - Student Textbook

viii. 324 – Eusebius of Ceasarea writes Church History which was a foundational book for understanding the
early Church including the authorship of the Gospels
2. Nicea to Chalcedon (325-451)
A. 325 – Council of Nicea
i. The first key council for the Christian Church
ii. Called by Constantine with a desire to achieve unity in Christendom
iii. Starts in 318 and lasts for several years.
iv. A response to Arianism (homoiousia – “of like substance”) by affirming orthodoxy (homoousia – “of the
same substance”)
v. States that Jesus is fully God and equal with the Father “very God of very God”
a. Raises more questions than it answered: no universal agreement reached
b. Chalcedon would give final definition
B. 329-95 – The Cappodocian Fathers
i. Began speculations on the Trinity through investigation of how they are experienced
ii. Defended the deity of the Holy Spirit
iii. Noted Theologians
a. Basil of Caesarea (c.330-79) who wrote extensively on the Trinity and defended the divinity of the Holy
Spirit
b. Gregory of Nazianzus (329-89) wrote the Philokalia which contains extracts from Origen and stressed the
humanness of the incarnation in response to Apollinarianism
c. Gregory of Nyssa (c.330-c.395) was a vigorous defender of the Trinity and the incarnation
C. 337 - Constantine dies
D. d. 341 – Eusebius of Nicomedia - Famous Arian bishop who baptized Constantine before his death and
promoted Arianism at the Council of Nicea.
E. 346 – Death of Pachomius, the father of monasticism in the East
F. 347-420 - Jerome
i. Translator of the Latin Vulgate (404) which would be the standard Bible of Christendom for over a
thousand years
ii. Did not accept the Apocrypha in contrast to Augustine but made a hurried translation of the Apocrypha
due to pressure before his death
G. c. 350-428 – Theodore of Mopsuestia
i. Believed in the unity of Christ with two natures
ii. View condemned at Councils of Ephesus (431) and Constantinople (553)
H. 354-430 – Augustine of Hippo
i. Perhaps the most influential mind of Christian history
ii. Developed Christian theology as an academic discipline
iii. Wrote City of God in demonstrating Christianity as a credible belief system and its lack of responsibility for
the fall of Rome
iv. Helped explain the doctrine of grace, the church and sacraments, and the Trinity
v. Advocated concept of original sin in contrast to Irenaeus who believed that one is created good but
becomes fallen by an act of the will
a. Believed sin to be a part of our human nature
vi. Had a linear view of history
I. c. 375-425 – Pelagian Controversy
i. Pelagius was a British monk who believed in the importance of human improvement without the need for
divine aid.
ii. Believed humans could save themselves by works
iii. Augustine responded that humans are fallen by nature and need the grace of God for salvation
iv. The Council of Carthage (418) condemned Pelagianism and accepted Augustine’s view
J. 378-444 – Cyril of Alexandria
i. Appointed patriarch in Alexandria in 412.
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