Page 184 - SCANDAL AND DEMOCRACY

Notes to Pages 8–16 169

23 . Merlyna Lim, “The Internet, Social Networks, and Reform in Indonesia,” in Asia
Encounters the Internet , ed. K. C. Ho, R. Kluver, and K. Yang (London: Routledge, 2003), 113–28;

Jeffrey Winters, “The Political Impact of New Information Sources and Technologies in Indone-
sia,” Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies 64, no. 2 (2002): 109–19.
24 . Przeworski, Democracy and the Market , 13.
25 . See Andie Tucher and Dan Bischoff, “Scorned in an Era of Triumphant Democracy,”

Media Studies Journal 9, no. 3 (1995): 160.
26 . See T. E. Patterson, “Of Polls, Mountains: U.S. Journalists and Their Use of Election
Surveys,” Public Opinion Quarterly 69, no. 5 (2005): 716–24; Jay Rosen, “Brainless: The Media
and Horse Race Journalism,” Pacific Free Press , January 20, 2008.

27 . See James M. Fallows, Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy
(New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 53.
28 . Lanny Davis, Scandal: How “Gotcha” Politics Is Destroying America (Basingstoke, UK: Pal-
grave Macmillan, 2006), 5–6.
29 . Quoted in Vicky Randall, “The Media and Democratization in the Third World,” Third
World Quarterly 14, no. 3 (1993): 640.
30 . Quoted in Hervin Saputra, “If Internet and Media Compete for Ripping Up Privacy,”
trans. Rosmi Julitasari, VHR Media.com , accessed August 7, 2010, http://www.vhrmedia.com/
If-Internet-and-Media-Compete-for-Ripping-Up-Privacy-focus4621.html .
31 . Howard Tumber and Silvio R. Waisbord, “Introduction: Political Scandals and Media
across Democracies, Volume I,” American Behavioral Scientist 47, no. 8 (2004): 1031–32, 1035.
32 . Alastair Bellany, The Politics of Court Scandal in Early Modern England: News Culture and the
Overbury Aff air, 1603–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 74–135, 261–78.
33 . Sarah Maza, Private Lives and Public Affairs: The Causes Célèbres of Prerevolutionary France

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 38.
34 . Marcus Daniel, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (New
York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
35 . Alex Hall, Scandal, Sensation and Social Democracy: The SPD Press and Wilhelmine Germany
1890–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
36 . Chappell H. Lawson, Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and the Rise of a Free Press
in Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 9.
37 . Miklós Sükösd, “Democratic Transformation and the Mass Media in Hungary: From
Stalinism to Democratic Consolidation,” in Gunther and Mughan, Democracy and the Media ,
146–47.
38 . See Lim, “Internet, Social Networks, and Reform,” 113–28.
39 . Pippa Norris, A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Post-industrial Democracies
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
40 . Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Press, 1999), 162.

41 . Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nation-
alism (London: Verso, 1991), 35n63.
42 . Sharif Abdel Kouddous, “After Mubarak, Fighting for Press Freedom in Egypt,” TN ,
June 20, 2011.
43 . See Daniel Lynch, After the Propaganda State: Media, Politics, and “Thought Work” in
Reformed China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999).

1. Origins of Media Controls
1 . Saafroedin Bahar, Ananda B. Kusuma, and Nannie Hudawati, eds., Risalah Sidang Badan
Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI), Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan
Indonesia (PPKI) 28 Mei 1945—22 Agustus 1945 (Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia,
1995).
2 . Quoted ibid., 71.
3 . Quoted ibid., 258, 79.
4 . Peter Burns, The Leiden Legacy: Concepts of Law in Indonesia (Leiden: KITLV, 2004), 244–46.
5 . Ibid.
6 . See David Reeve, “The Corporatist State: The Case of Golkar,” in State and Civil Soci-
ety in Indonesia , ed. Arief Budiman, 151–76 (Melbourne: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies,