Page 47 - Keys to College Success

HOW CAN SUCCESSFUL INTELLIGENCE
1 ety caused Robert Sternberg (a psychologist known for his work on intelligence and
CHAPTER
help you achieve your goals?
For centuries, thinkers and educators have tangled with questions about human
achievement: What helps a person succeed? Why do some people succeed while others
fail? What helps a person overcome a failure and persist? Not so long ago, the prevail-
ing wisdom centered on the idea that people are born with a fixed level of intelligence
that is measurable with an IQ (intelligence quotient) test. This theory didn’t do much to
promote motivation; after all, why work hard if you cannot override the destiny set by
your IQ?
Cutting-edge researchers have effectively challenged this theory. When test anxi-
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creativity) to score poorly on IQ and other standardized tests during elementary school,
he delivered what was expected of him—very little. However, his fourth-grade teacher
turned his life around when she expected more. Sternberg has conducted extensive
research showing that traditional intelligence measurements lock people into poor per-
formance and often do not reflect their potential. 12
Researching how children cope with failure, Stanford psychologist Carol Dweck
gave elementary school students a set of puzzles that grew increasingly difficult. To
her surprise, certain students welcomed failure as an opportunity. “They knew that
human qualities, such as intellectual skills, could be cultivated through effort. . . . Not
only weren’t they discouraged by failure, they didn’t even think they were failing.
They thought they were learning.” Dweck’s research since then has focused on the
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idea that mindset that sets the stage for intellectual growth.
Sternberg’s, Dweck’s, and others’ research suggests that intelligence is not fixed;
people have the capacity to increase intelligence. In other words, the risk of effort
and focus can produce the reward of greater brain power. Studies in neuroscience
show that a learning brain can develop throughout life. Recent research
shows that when you learn, your brain and nerve cells (neurons) form
new connections (synapses) among one another by growing new
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branches ( dendrites). These increased connections then enable the
brain to do and learn more.
The Three Thinking Skills
How can you take productive risks that move you toward
your important goals in college, work, and life?According
to Sternberg, it takes three types of thinking: analytical
(critical), creative, and practical. Together, he calls them
successful intelligence, a concept that he illustrates with
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a story of a book-smart boy and a street-smart boy run-
ning from a bear in the forest. While the book-smart boy
is figuring out the exact amount of time they have before
being attacked, the street-smart boy puts on his running
shoes and dashes off, having realized that he only needed
to outrun the first boy in order to survive. 16
This story shows that successful goal achievement and
problem solving require more than book smarts. When con-
fronted with a problem, using only analytical thinking put
the first boy at a disadvantage. On the other hand, the second
boy analyzed the situation, created options, and took practical
action. He took the wisest risk and earned his reward: living to
tell the tale.