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Vocabulary body movements and
VOCABULARY responses; connecting words
9C AND SKILLS Human behaviour Skills Reading: a magazine article;

Listening: a TV interview

QUICK REVIEW Present Perfect Simple
WHY DO WE CRY?
active and passive Think of three pieces of
Although we don't enjoy crying, it's actually very good for us. The tears that are
news about yourself, your family or friends:
produced when we're upset contain large amounts of different chemicals that are
I've just booked a holiday. My brother has just related to stress, and crying reduces the amounts of these chemicals we have in
been promoted. Work in groups. Tell the other our body. This is why we always feel better after a good cry. It's also thought that
students your news. Ask follow-up questions crying evolved to show other humans that we are unhappy or in pain and we need
if possible. help from other people in our group.

WHY DO WE YAWN?
Vocabulary and Speaking When we're tired or bored, we don't breathe very deeply and not enough oxygen is
Body movements and responses carried to the brain. A yawn takes in more oxygen and increases your heart rate by
30%, making us feel more awake. So if people yawn when you're talking to them,
a Work in pairs. Which of these verbs do don't get too upset. Despite appearing rude, they could be yawning so they can
you know? Check in fMij:ill!fJ;tiil• p147. listen more closely to what you're saying. It is also thought that yawning evolved to
help groups of early humans stay awake and notice danger, which may also be why
cry laugh smile yawn wave
we often yawn when someone else does.
shiver blush stretch scratch
crawl frown sweat J
WHY DO WE LAUGH?
b Take turns to ask your partner when Even though most people think we laugh because something is funny, that's
people do the things in 1a. usually not true. In fact, laughing at something funny accounts for only 15% of all
- laughter. More frequently, laughter is a way of bonding with another person or a
When do When they're upset, group, and it's 30 times more common to laugh in social situations than when we're
r people cry? in pain or very happy. alone. It is believed that humans developed the ability to laugh so that we could
signal to other humans that we're playing, or that danger has passed.
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Reading WHY DO WE SCRATCH?

The obvious answer is that we have an itch and so we automatically scratch it.
a Before you read, check these words
Of course, we know the itch will come back in a few minutes and scratching will
with your teacher or in a dictionary.
probably make it worse. In spite of this knowledge, we still can't stop ourselves
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evolve bond with someone from scratching. It seems that scratching turns off parts of the brain that are
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tears an itch forgive connected to unpleasant feelings and memories, and it also stimulates the parts
of the brain that make us happy- which is why it feels so good!
b Work in pairs. Match pictures A-E to
these reasons why people do these things. WHY DO WE BLUSH?
1 to bond with other people in a group People usually blush because they're embarrassed, particularly if they have broken

2 to turn off parts of the brain connected with a social rule, for example, getting someone's name wrong. Blushing has evolved
bad feelings and memories to show the other person that we know we have done something wrong, and that
3 to show that we have broken a social rule we're sorry about this. Interestingly, scientists have shown that people are more
likely to forgive you if you blush. However, people might not forgive you so easily
4 to increase the amount of oxygen in the
if you don't blush at all!
brain
5 to release stress-related chemicals from
our bodies

c Read the article. Check your answers.

a Read the article again. What other
reasons does the article give for each
body movement or response?

b Work in pairs. Compare answers.
Which piece of information do you think
is the most interesting or surprising?

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