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grey with a black head and short hairs. Soon after it starts 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR - 21603-BRACHA-PARPAR | 9 - A | 22-01-02 | 10:39:03 | SR:-- | Cyan
its “death walk” over the hairy leaf towards its tip, crawling 1 1 1
over the “canopy” of the hairs - “forest” it paves its way
with silk; this is the most dangerous and vulnerable part of
the larval life because it is still exposed, without its frass-
dress-camouflage hence not protected from its enemies
(illustr. 4) and indeed on 19 August 2020 in Beit Arye only
one of four (25%) L1s arrived safely to the leaf tip (DB
breeding notes). After eating the leaf it bonds its frass-
pellets gradually & irregularly along the body (illustr. 5)
creating a dirt-like appearance resulting in perfect frass-
defence camouflage (illustr. 6) (see larval defence Vol
I); Fox (2005) explained that the frass bonding material DGXOW
3
4
HJJ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(in the European White Admiral) is “minute particles © Dubi Benyamini lar v a
9
pupa
of sticky liquid, exuding from the sliced epidermal leaf © Adam Warecki
cells”. Eating the soft tissues at the edge of the leaf in 1
tiny “bays” on both sides of the leaf’s mid-vein, expose ~
3.5-8 mm long bare mid-vein that becomes the rest point
& safe refuge of the “camouflaged” larva, indeed when
threatened it returns quickly to this “pier” (illustr. 7). L1 &
L2 first and second moults take place usually in this safe
place (Fox, 1996 & 2005; Eeles, 2019: 218 & DB breeding
notes). On 10 September 2020 a bred 4.5 mm long grey © Dubi Benyamini
L2 that was threatened by DB’s camera lifted its body up
from the 6th segment and lowered its head repeatedly in 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
pecking movements (illustr. 8). After two moults, the third
instar, usually of the autumn brood hibernates until the
following spring, sheltered in a hibernaculum built from
a folded and sealed leaf, its petiole secured by silk to the
hostplant stem (illustr. 9). However on 28 August 2020 in
the authors breeding lab an L3 built a hibernaculum and
started its overwintering hibernation about two months © Adam Warecki
ahead of normal time. Sometimes L2 (and not as usually
L3) builds its hibernaculum in L. camilla (Poland, Adam
Warecki, pers. comm. to DB). On reaching maturity, the
larva is 27mm in length (30 mm when walking), green in
colour, with white side stripes and along the back are five
pairs of large ‘protrusions’ with reddish-brown branched
spines in segments 2. 3, 5, 10 & 11 and five small spiny
pairs in segments 4, 6, 7. 8. & 9 (illustr. 10). “J” shaped © Adam Warecki
suspended pre-pupa is 15-18 mm long, pupation takes
place after ~ 24 hours. The pupa that mimics a dry leaf © Dubi Benyamini
is 16-19 mm long, brown-green with a hump on its back, 2
it usually hatches at dawn after 7-10 days (8-21 days in
France, Lafranchis et al., 2015: 413). In DB’s breeding
lab. in Beit Arye, on 17 November 2020 under direct sun © Adam Warecki
radiation a pupa thermoregulated its temperature by © Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki
bending its body towards the sun to reduce its exposed
silhouette (illustr. 11) - see also thermoregulation parag.
in Vol I. From two eggs that were laid in Beit Arye within
a few minutes apart and were bred together hatched a
male one day before the female (protandry). Larsen found
an adult inside a house in Beirut in 17 December and
concluded that it “possibly hibernates as imago on the
coast” (Larsen, 1974: 114). © Adam Warecki
6\VWHPDWLFV DQG '1$ RI Limenitis reducta L. camilla
Lederer (1855), Nichole (1901) & Graves (1911) identified
it as L. camilla, Graves (1925), Zerny (1932) and Ellison
& Wiltshire (1939) changed it to Limenitis rivularis Scop.,
but Hemming (1934) was first to allocate it to the right
species as “Limenitis reducta reducta Stgr. (1901)”.
L. reducta herculeana Stichel, [1908] T.L. Dalmatia, S
France is used for S Turkish & Cypriot White admirals and
L. r. schiffermulleri [sic, correct name schiffermuelleri]
Higgins, 1933 is used for Lebanon, Syria, Israel & Jordan.
© Dubi Benyamini © Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki

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2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 144 12/30/2021 4:27:03 PM 2Butterflies of the Levant danaidae satyridae.indd 129 12/30/2021 4:26:15 PM