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+RZ WR XVH WKH ERRN
1. All butterflies in the colour plates are depicted in
their natural size, upperside (on left) and underside (on
right). The gender symbol is shown above each butterfly Distribution map %XWWHUÁLHV
with the actual biotope for each taxon shown in the Name of the Authority Established
background. and year of description distribution
2. In this volume, each of the subfamilies is identified
by a different colour. Colour by 6FLHQWLÀF Seasonal/
Temporary/Migrant
3. The distribution maps feature: subfamily name
- Permanent occupation, shown in red. Common name of the Levant
- Temporary incursions (migrations) or historic
occurrences are shown in faint red. Pseudochazara mniszechii (Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]) Tawny Rockbrown IUCN
conservation
- A question mark indicates possible occurrence; Pseudochazara mniszechii in the Levant is known only category
usually used between known populations. ? ? from the Amanos Mts., S Turkey, were it is common. Fly Behaviour
in dry rocky areas (Atahan et al., 2018: 86), on 24 June
DW .L]LOGDø P 6 $PDQRV 0W LW ZDV Á\LQJ LQ RSHQ
- A dotted line marks anticipated expansion FOHDULQJV RI EODFN SLQH IRUHVW '% 2ÀU 7RPHU SHUV REV modules and nearby areas
UHSRUWHG E\ 7X]RY LQ ´GU\ FOD\H\ VWRQ\ VORSHVµ
$GXOWV WDNH QHFWDU IURP WKH ÁRZHUV RI Carduus nutans,
or possible presence. Echinops pungens, Onopdrum anatolicum (Hesselbarth et
al Centaurea VSS (Asteraceae) and Silene
compacta &DU\RSK\OODFHDH adult Life-cycle
9
9
1
1 12
7
6
8
9 10 1
8
1 2 3 4 5
egg
- Black arrows indicate small localities or point to Biology lar v a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 activity
pupa
the species’ occurrence beyond the range of the Flight period: -XQH 6HSWHPEHU IURP WR P periods.
(Atahan et al., -XO\ $XJXVW IURP WR P
distribution map. 7X]RY
Life history: XQLYROWLQH WKH HJJV DUH ODLG VLQJO\ DQG DUH
Maps were based on data gleaned from literature ZKLWH EDUUHO VKDSHG ZLWK YHUWLFDO ULEV / KDWFKHV DIWHU black margins
GD\V FD PP ORQJ OLJKW EURZQ ZLWK VSDUVH ZKLWH KDLUV
DQG D GDUN PLG GRUVDO VWULS 7KH ODUYDH IHHG DW QLJKW 'XULQJ
and butterfly collections (private and museum), the day they hide at the base of the LHP. The mature larva indicate aestivation
LV FKXQN\ PP ORQJ JUH\LVK EURZQ ZLWK PLG GRUVDO
OLQH RI EODFN VHJPHQWV VXE GRUVDO ZKLWLVK EDQGV ZLWK WLQ\
correspondence with professional lepidopterists and UHGGLVK VKRUW VWULSV DQG ORQJLWXGLQDO VLGH EOXLVK JUH\ EURDG or diapausing
VWULSV IRXU RI WKHP SURFHHG RQ WKH IRUHKHDG 7KH VKRUW WDLOV
periods.
DUH RII ZKLWH 3XSDWLRQ WDNHV SODFH D IHZ FP EHORZ VXUIDFH LQ
the authors’ data banks (DB and 4D MicroRobotics for VRIW VRLO 7KH SXSD LV OLJKW UHGGLVK EURZQ 7KH DGXOW HFORVHG Southern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
after 4 weeks (Hesselbarth et al
the Eastern Mediterranean and Egypt, EJ for Cyprus). Recorded hostplants: Poaceae (Gramineae) - Festuca ovina Natural
(Atahan et al., 2018: 86). Poa annua, P. pratensis (Tuzov,
4. Life-cycle periods are shown for adult, egg, larval Distribution biotope Jordan, Egypt, Sinai & North-West Saudi Arabia
and pupal stages. Dark green indicates known activity, 7/ ´9RQ 7RNDW LQ .OHLQDVLHQµ $QDWROLD 7XUNH\ 'LVWULEXWHG 'XEL %HQ\DPLQL
IURP 1 *UHHFH WR 7XUNH\ 6 *HRUJLD $UPHQLD DQG 1 ,UDQ
1D]DUL DEVHQW IURP 6\ULD /HEDQRQ ,VUDHO
light green estimated (or data from outside the Levant) &\SUXV -RUGDQ DQG 6LQDL 7KH QRPLQRW\SLFDO VVS ÁLHV LQ WKH Life-cycle
Levant.
and dark green with black margins, diapausing/ © Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki stages and
aestivation periods. Our data is based upon (known) hostplant(s)
past and present records but, as elsewhere in the
© Adam Warecki © Adam Warecki
world, a changing climate may influence the timing of male &
life-cycle events in the future; in short winters, adults female
may hatch weeks or even months ahead of their known in nature
past records. © Adam Warecki 2ILU 7RPHU 0HKHPHW *ƺO
5. Despite major efforts by the author in attempting to 118
breed all butterflies found in the Levant, several are Male Female
rare, recent arrivals or pose problematic access to their
breeding areas. Nothing is presented for those species Vol. III
where early stages are unknown (except F.P.), but on a
few occasions where early stages are known for another 1\PSKDOLGDH
subspecies (or a similar species) we use alternative Upperside Underside
photographs, denoting these with a narrow green frame. Libytheinae, Danainae, Chraxinae,
6. The sample page on right provides explanations for
titles and notations. Satyrinae, Limenitidinae, Bibilidinae,
Heliconiinae, Nympalinae,
$EEUHYLDWLRQV XVHG IRU KRVWSODQW SUHIHUHQFHV
[M] - main/preferred; [C] - cultivated; [S] - southern arid areas; [?] - possible hostplant; [L] - captivity, lab.
,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLRQ IRU &RQVHUYDWLRQ RI 1DWXUH ,8&1 5HG /LVW &DWHJRULHV
In this series of books (Vols. I-IV), we adopt the IUCN listings of
conservation categories as defined in van Swaay et al. (2010). Regionally Extinct Least Concern
Of 11 notations, we use nine including:
‘'Regionally Extinct’ (RE), ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR), Critically Endangered Data Deficient
‘Endangered’ (EN), ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), ‘Near Threatened’ (NT), Dubi Benyamini
‘Least Concern’ (LC), ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), ‘Not Applicable’ Endangered Not Applicable
(NA) and ‘Not Evaluated’ (NE).
English editors: Eddie John & Arthur M. Shapiro
We use categories as defined in Numa et al. (2016) for those Vulnerable Not Evaluated
Mediterranean butterflies found in the Levant, showing these in
black, e.g. ‘LC’. However, where the conservation status in the Least Concern Design Leah Benyamini
(Mediterranean
Levant (specifically Israel) differs, we follow that given in the Near Threatened assessment)
Israeli Red List Assessment (in prep.) denoting this in green, Mediterranean assessment (Numa et al., 2016) – in black lettering.
the colour used also for non-Mediterranean species, e.g. ‘LC’. Levant (Israeli Red Book) assessment – in green lettering.
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