Page 45 - Ashagal El m3aden
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                                                   ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??

??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????
                                  ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????.??

?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? " ??????

?????????" ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ? refractive index????? ?????
                                                                     ??????? ????? ??????? ??????.??

                                                                       ??????? ???????

?? polariscope????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ? polariscope????? ???????
??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????????
????????? ???????? ? synthetic rubies????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? doubly refracting??? ??? ???
???????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ? synthetice spinels????? ????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ????

                                                                                    ??????? ?????.??

                                                                     ????? ?? ??????:??

??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???
???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????

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???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????
??????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ? dichroscope????? ?????
???? ???? ???????? ???????? ? dichroism??? ???? ?????? ?????? ? spectroscope??????? ?????

                                                                                ??????? ??????.??

                                                                      ?????? ????????:??

?? hardness???????? ? hardness??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????
?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? gemologist??? ??? ??????? ??????? ? .????? ?????

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