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translational trials that explore how plant-expressed
proteins, tolerogenic adjuvants, and tissue-targeted delivery
can reshape immune dynamics. These are not just petri-dish
experiments—they are early glimpses of tomorrow’s drug
platforms.

Importantly, these labs are breaking silos. Synthetic
biology teams are working with immunologists. AI experts
are modeling the antigen presentation pathways most likely
to trigger tolerance versus attack. Bioengineers are
simulating how Treg cells behave under different delivery
contexts. The convergence is powerful.

Consider what’s emerging:

• Predictive tools for identifying immunogenic
“hotspots” in therapeutic proteins.
• In silico platforms that simulate patient-specific
immune responses to different delivery vectors.
• Gene-editing strategies that modify plant
chloroplasts to express bioactive proteins with ultra-
low immunogenicity profiles.

Beyond technology, academia is leading the charge to
rethink clinical trial frameworks:

• Moving beyond short-term endpoints to track drug
survival, ADA formation, and loss of response
timelines.
• Proposing adaptive trial designs that factor in
immune variability across populations.
• Advocating for longitudinal studies that reflect the
real-world patient journey—not just an idealized,
preselected cohort.

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