Page 88 - Biblical Counseling II

2. How do we communicate nonverbally?

3. Are nonverbal expressions of emotion universally understood?

4. Who tends to express more emotion – men or women? How do we know the answer to that question?

Experienced Emotion
How many distinct emotions are there? Carroll Izard isolated 10 basic emotions (joy, interest-excitement,
surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt), most of which are present in infancy.
Jessica Tracey and Richard Robins believe that pride is also a distinct emotion, signaled by a small smile, head
slightly tilted back, and an open posture. And Phillip Shaver and his colleagues believe that love, too, may be
a basic emotion. But Carol Izard has argued that other emotions are combinations of these 10, with love, for
example, being a mixture of joy and interest-excitement. The ingredients of emotion include not only
physiology and expressive behavior but also our conscious experience (Myers, 2009). (source: www.researchgate.net)

Look at the photos below and notice the similarities in facial expressions between the adult and the infants.
Carroll Izard believed distinct emotions appear within the first months of life and continue throughout the
life span. Think about babies you know. Would you agree?

(Photo: Slideshare.net)

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